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The Wictoria thistory of the Counties of England

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

VOLUME IV

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND

HERTFORDSHIRE

LONDON CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED

Mm

hea 24

This History is issued to Subscribers only by Constable &@ Company Limited and printed by W. H. Smith & Son London

INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF HER LATE MAJESTY

QUEEN VICTORIA

WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE THE TITLE TO AND ACCEPTED THE DEDICATION OF THIS HISTORY

o, ay ala. 2

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF

HERTFORD

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

VOLUME FOUR

LONDON CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED

1914

CONTENTS OF VOLUME FOUR

Dedication

Contents : ‘ . . List of Illustrations .

List of Maps : z Editorial Note 7 : . Topography . : * .

Edwinstree Hundred—

Introduction . * ‘ Albury . . . . Anstey . . é 5 Aspenden aéas Aspeden with Wakeley Barkway . : Barley ‘ é Buckland. F . .

Little Hadham. Much Hadham Great Hormead Little Hormead Layston . Meesden

Brent Pelham . §

Furneux Pelham ‘

Stocking Pelham. Throcking . r

Wyddial .

Celtic and Romano-British Hertford.

shire.

Topographical ade of Renate

British Remains .

Social and Economic History .

Table of Population 1801-1901

Industries— Introduction . - ‘ Textiles. . ‘i f

‘ —

General descriptions and manorial descents compiled under the superintendence of Witt1am Pacz, F.S.A.; Architectural descriptions by A. Wuitrorp ANDER- son, A.R.I.B.A. ; Héraldic drawings and blazon by the Rev. E. E. ‘Downe. M.A., F.S.A. ; Charities

from information supplied by J. Ww. Owszey, 1.8.0., late Official Trustee of Charitable Funds

By Atice Raven. .

By Mavup F. Epwarps, Oxford aie School of Modern History . ‘ . : :

By Hexen Dovctas-Irvinz, M. Ae

By Maup F. Epwarps

By Litian J. Repsrong, B.A.

9 ”? > ”

” 2? > ”? « . . .

By Mavup F. Epwarps and Atice fk

”? 9? ” 7” ” * * °

By Exzanor J. B. Rerp, B.A.

” ”? ” *

By Maun F. Epwarps

By Auice Raven ; ‘

By Hexen Douctas- fleet M.A... F : : ” 9 ” ”? . °: * ad > ” ” ”

By Maup F. Epwarps

> ” ”?

By Witutam Pacg, F.S.A. :

By M. V. Taytor, M.A., Oxford Honours School of Modern History

By A. F. H. Niemeyer, Oxford Honda Saige of Modern History - :

By G. S. Mincuin . . F ‘ ‘i é

By C. H. Vetzacotrt, B.A. al i : : . By L. F. Sarzmann, B.A, FSA, . z : :

ix

100 108 III

114

119

147

173 233

239 248

CONTENTS OF VOLUME FOUR

Industries (continued )—

The Straw Plait, Hat and Bonnet Industry

Paper-making . Printing : . Pottery, Tiles and Bricks . Plaster Work . Bell Founding Water-cress Growing Forestry Ecclesiastical History— Before the Conquest . After the Conquest Religious Houses — Introduction . Abbey of St. Albans— Before the Conquest After the Conquest

Priory of Redbourn . » 95 Hertford » 5 Salburn in Standon 99: Sopwell yy 9, Cheshunt . » 99 St. Mary de Pré, St. Albans .

yy a “St. Giles in the Wood, Flamstead

»» 9, Rowney, Great Munden

» 9 Royston

+» Wymondley

» 95 New Bigging, Hitchin. Preceptory of Standon

ey » Temple Dinsley

Priory of King’s Langley Friars Minor of Ware Carmelite Friars of Hitchin Trinitarian Friars of Hertford .

College of Thele or Stanstead St. Margaret’s ‘ ‘

Priory of Ware

Hospital of Sx. oe Begin Anstey

Hospital of St. eka Bap, Berkhampstead

Hospital of St. John the Bvaoge list, Berkhampstead

Hospital of St. Erasmus and St. Mary Magdalene, Cheshunt .

Hospital of St. une aaa ice Clothall

By Erner M. Hewitt

By Lewis Evans, J.P., F.S.A.

By H. R. Promer

By L. F. Sarzmann, B.A., PSA. By J. Murray Kenpatt, F.S.A. By H. B. Watters, M.A., F.S.A. By G. Esswortn Butten.

By the Rev. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.

By WirttaM Pace, F.S.A. By Henrtetta L. E. Garnett .

By Munnig Revpay, Hist. Tripos

By Wittiam Pacg, F.S.A.

By Mixnie Reppan, Hist. ‘Tripos, with the assistance of notes supplied by Nowext Sievers, B.A. .

By Minnie Reppan, Hist. Tripos

” ” ” ?

PAGE

CONTENTS OF VOLUME FOUR

Religious Houses (continued )— Hospital of St. Laud and St.

Anthony, Hoddesdon . Hospital of St. John and St. James, Royston :

Hospital of St. Nicholas, Royston y» 9»: St. Julian by St. Albans

By Minnie Revpan, Hist. Tripos

PAGE

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Tile Paving in Meesden Church. By A. Wuirrorp Anperson, A.R.ILB.A. . . coloured frontispiece Topography—

Albury : Half-timbered House adjoining the Churchyard iy Church: Late 14th-century Monument } es PA East End of the South Aisle . 5 ‘ : , é ‘

Anstey : Lychgate to Churchyard. : , . ¥ . Z : : . 5 Church from the South-east i

full-page plate, facing 6

full-page plate, facing 12

$ » The Nave looking East 3 » l2th-century Font . qi 7 : 3 F 45 55 + 14 s >» Plan . . , 5 . 5 a ‘ ‘ : F 5 15 3 » The Chancel ; Aspenden Church : The Chancel} a aa So a Hall: Garden Front. ‘ i ‘ . : : ; : . . 18 » Church: Plan . F ‘ : " : : ‘i é : : > 23 es is from the North-east. A ‘3 3 : ‘ : ‘ » | 24 Barkway : South End of Main Street . ‘ : : . . F : : . 26

35 Village from the South ’ Jull-page plate, facing 28

Old House in High Street Church: The North Arcade. : ‘ : é $3 53 45 32 Manor House from the South-east

Barley : The Town House from the South-west }

si The Big House, Staircase Wing : b " . - 38

»» Church from the West

>, The Fox and Hounds Inn : , , ? ye Buckland Church from the South-East

a 5 Plan. ; : : : . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ; . 46

3 » South-east Corner of Nave, showing Junctionof r4thand1sth-century Work 47 Little Hadham, Clintons, Bury Green 50

Fa a 3 9 »» Roof Spandrel in Bedroom Hadham Hall, Principal Front a a 2 » Plan. . . ‘ ‘ . . : «facing § 54 Church: Plan. é : : ‘ : ; . . - 56 17th-century House, now Cottages, at Hadham Ford Church : The Chancel } 35 5 55 The Porch ‘ a é . : oa sy 17th-century Cottage at the Foot of Ford Hill Much Hadham Church: North Side of Chancel } :

' Jull-page plate, facing §2

Sull-page plate, facing 56

Sull-page plate, facing 58

»» The Lordship Stables. : F , : : i : j . 59 a a Yew Tree Farm ‘ : 3 ‘ 3 * 5 5 ‘ . 60 pa 55 Buckler’s Farm, Perry Green. 2 ‘ : i e . 65

The Palace from the puna . : 5 fap hate Falta Ga

Church : The North Arcade Plan . : : : F i: ‘ i : < - 64 xiii

” »” >

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Topography (continued) —

Much Hadham Church: 1$th-century Chair. ; : : . : : . 66 Great Hormead: Cottage East of Vicarage. ‘ : : ; 3 ; . 68

si 5 16th-century House . 5 : 5 5 tull-page plate, facing 68

_ a Hare Street House 3 5 F 3 7 r F : 69

“a 3 Brick House: Plan : . f : : , 4 ‘ 70

55 5 ms 70

BA 35 Bury : Entrance Front ‘ : 2 a ‘ : 71

Church from the arene

” i » The South Arcade

Hormead Hall from the South-west . . : : , é - 93

Little Hormead Church from the eae jull-page plate, facing 74 » The Chancel Arch

Sull-page plate, facing 72

” ” 4 Plan : : : : ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ - 76 9 ii » Blocked North oem: : : Suli-page plate, facing 76 Layston Church from the South-east . ; 5 é e : : - 78 »» Buntingford, Ward’s Hospital from the East . : . : ~ 99 ” i The Court, originally the Grammar ae 5» Pipaee plat Pbag a a = View in the High Street » Alswick Hall: Plan. ; p c ’ ‘ ‘ 2 7 . . 81 es + » from the South-east ; ; : ; : ‘ : a) 83 » Church: Plan. : ‘ : i : ; . : - 85 4 3 The Chancel ee the ies ‘ 4 ‘ . 86 », St. Peter’s Chapel, Buntingford, from the sais west iter 1899) ; : . 87 » Church: The Font : Meesden Church: The South ae a a Brent Pelham: The Beeches, Plan . 7 , i : F : : A - 92 ae 3 PF 5 Ceiling of Parlour : A z ; i . - 93 35 oa The Stocks : a ‘ A H 2 - j ; ‘ © 94 Bs 5 Hall, West Front. : ‘ E ; : 5 » 95 Ss a The Beeches, South-west Front . : : . : ‘ . - 96 3 i Church : The South Door. $ ° ‘ : p ‘ : - 98 e3 Pe 5 Shonks’s Tomb . F ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 - - 99 Furncux Pelham Hall: Plan. - : F : 5 ‘ - . . 100 - 3 A from the South-west ; s 35 Church: 13th-century Piscina and Sedilia j ee sa ll Sa as 3 The Nave Roof ‘ j _ 49 5 104 ‘ss Ss a Fragment of Oak Screen 3 5 ‘5 from the South-west . i F : 3 7 ‘ + 105 ss 3 Roof of the South Chapel . 3 3 ‘3 ‘ ‘ - 106 Stocking Pelham Church from the South-east. 7 ‘ - 5 . s - 109 ey 3 5 Plan . ‘ : . : : F . é - - 110 Throcking Church : Plan 3 ‘ ‘ P ‘ 2 ; P < ‘ « K13 ve 3 from the South-east ; Wyddial Church from the North-east j UM a a

‘3 »» The Chancel Arch and North Arcade)

Fa » The North Aisle looking East y , ° e a a3 116 Celtic and Romano-British Hertfordshire : Verulamium : Top of Late Celtic Sword . : : 5 . . 2 ; . 11g

xiv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Celtic and Romano-British Hertfordshire (continued )— Verulamium : Late Celtic Bronze Helmet Northchurch : Late Celtic Bronze Helmet found at Northcott Hill Verulamium and Welwyn, Romano-British mee in the Herts

t Sull-page plate, facing 122

County Museum . a ; 3 ; 3 a iS 126 Romano-British and Gaulish Patiewys in the Hetty County Museum 5 > 5 128 Circular Base of a Column: Plan. é 7 ‘ : ; : , 3 - 131 Verulamium : Plan of Supposed Forum. . z . facing 132

St. Albans: Glass Jug from Worley Road, in the Beas co ty Mien

‘ull-page plate, facing 1 Romano-British Red Ware, in the Herts County Museum "ep i a a

Verulamium : Plan of Theatre : : i ‘ ‘ ‘ . facing 136 Roman Brick Grave found in Verulam Hill Field : ‘ : . 5 ; 2 437 Verulamium: Romano-British Pots, forming an Interment at

St. Michael’s, in the Herts County Museum . ‘ 3 . full-page plate, facing 138 Welwyn : Pair of Silver Vases and Three Bronze Masks : ‘ a - 55 140 Braughing : Map showing Roman Remains : ; j ‘ : ; . - 4! Romano-British Black Ware in the Herts County Museum . . full-page plate, facing 142

Barkway : Bronze Figure of Mars and Silver Plates with Inscriptions,

in the British Museum . ra 5 55 148

Braughing : Bronze Brooch

re » Enamelled Cup 4 3 ” 150 Verulamium : Bronze and Iron Objects in the Herts County Museum

Hemel Hempstead: Tessellated Pavement at Boxmoor Villa . $5 i 4s 152 #3 95 Plan of Boxmoor Villa é : 5 ; < Fe ¢ - 154

* a Roman Antiquities found ina Villa at Boxmoor, Plate xiii ; , : : : . full-page plate, facing 154

3 5 Roman Antiquities found in a Villa at Boxmoor, Plate xiv z . 5 55 5 156 Radlett : Pottery from Romano-British Kilns. : : : : : a . 158 Me Plan and Section of Roman Potter’s Kiln : - z . ‘ . . 160 5 Mortarium from Kiln } Hilgers shi, ope Abe

5 Fragments of Mortaria showing Method of Packing in Kilns oa Plan and Section of a Potter’s Kiln , F ‘ - ‘ ‘ ‘ . 161 3 Roman Potter’s Kiln . ‘ : ; ‘ F i : 5 . 162 3 Potter’s Stamps of Castus found in a Kiln : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 ; . 162 % y» Marks foundina Kiln . . : : . ; : - 162 Sarratt: Plan of Roman Building. : : 3 : : : é ' . 163 Welwyn : Models of Fire-dogs and Iron Frame . , d . full-page plate, facing 164 3 Late Celtic Bronze Patella . : ‘ : . : : 3 . 166 PA 999, _+~Cinerary Urns and Tazza . ‘ ‘ . full-page plate, facing 166 ‘5 - » Antiquities . ; : 2 . 4 : : ‘ . 167 4 oe » Pottery . : ; : : : . full-page plate, facing 168 _ Great Wymondley : Plan of Roman Holding. : ; : ; , . 170 3 és » oo 9, Willa near Purwell Mil . . full-page plate, facing 170

Industries—

Watermark of John Tate . z ‘ . : . : . : . : | 256

Stamp of Robert Oldfield. : ' ; ‘ ‘ ; ¢ é : ‘ . 270 Religious Houses—

Hertfordshire Monastic Seats: Plate I ‘ - : . . full-page plate, facing 416

3 oe » Plate II 3 F " . 35 Pe * 434

xv

LIST OF MAPS

PAGE : . I facing 119 . . . oo» 365

Index Map to the Hundred of Edwinstree : : ; A j .

Roman Map . Ecclesiastical Map .

xvi

EDITORIAL NOTE

Tue Editor desires to acknowledge his obligations to the following, who by reading the proofs of this volume have added much to the accuracy of the work :—The Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Romer, G.C.B., Mr. Edward E. Barclay, M.A., J.P., the Rev. C. V. Bicknell, the Rev. F. R. Broughton, M.A., the Rev. Henry F. Burnaby, M.A., the Rev. J. M. Bury, B.A., Mr. F. A. Crallan, Messrs. Crossman, Prichard & Co., the Rev. J. L. Dutton, M.A., the Rev. F. H. Francis, M.A., Mrs. Gregory, the Rev. H. B. Grindle, Prof. F. Haverfield, LL.D., F.S.A., the Rev. A. Howard, M.A., Mr. W. Minet, M.A., F.S.A., J.P., Mr. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., the Rev. C. H. Spurrell, M.A., the Rev. W. T. Stubbs, M.A., the Rev. J. L. P. Thomas, M.A., the Rev. J. Frome Wilkinson, M.A., F.S.A., the Rev. F. R. Williams, M.A., and Mr. Horace Wilmer, M.I.C.E., F.S.A.

For illustrations and plans, with permission to reproduce them, the Editor is indebted to :—the Society of Antiquaries, the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co., Mr. William Ransom, F.L.S., F.S.A., the St. Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archzological Society, Mr. Hugh Seebohm, and Mr. G. A. Wright (Curator of the Corporation Museum, Colchester).

The manorial descents of the Hundred of Edwinstree have been compiled under the supervision of Miss Alice Raven, and the drawings for the line blocks have been made by Miss Jenny Wylie, Mr. Whitford Anderson, A.R.I.B.A., Mr. Laurence Davies and others.

xvii

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

TOPOGRAPHY THE HUNDRED OF EDWINSTREE

CONTAINING THE PARISHES OF

ALBURY LITTLE HADHAM BRENT PELHAM ANSTEY MUCH HADHAM FURNEUX PELHAM ASPENDEN with WAKELEY GREAT HORMEAD STOCKING PELHAM BARKWAY LITTLE HORMEAD THROCKING BARLEY LAYSTON WYDDIAL} BUCKLAND MEESDEN

The hundred of Edwinstree occupies the north-eastern corner of

Hertfordshire and borders on the county of Essex.

eastern side, where the two counties adjoin, seem to have been still in part thickly covered with woodland in the 11th century.” Probably the early settlements here were sparse, and this would account for the subdivision of areas suggested by the names Brent Pelham, Furneux Pelham, and Stock- ing Pelham and Much and Little Hadham. In the 13th century there was still a large amount of woodland in these parishes.

The total assessment of the hun- dred in 1086 seems to have been for 120 hides. The exact amount, how- ever, is difficult to estimate, owing to the doubt that arises about the in- clusion of several places within it.’ Widford, which is entered under Edwinstree in 1086 but is now a parish in Braughing Hundred, lies on the border of Edwinstree Hundred, and there is no reason why it should not have been included in it in 1086. Cockhamstead also, an estate in the parish of Braughing, adjoins the parish of Albury in this hundred and may

The parishes on the

N

Y a

Mp. ee Cees

La

. anstey <M

& oe ean aoe ae BRENT _ Z ING (e070 9! GREAT 2

pects” “Tayston: HORMEADAL.. oa. 5 pote aol — - ASPENDEN wHORMEAD:: od Se “PEL

SFURNEUX* PELHAM

ALBURY

-

Inpex Map to tHE Hunprep or EpwinsTREE

have been originally reckoned within it. An estate in Hoddesdon, however, which is given under Edwinstree in 1086, can scarcely be entered correctly under that hundred, as it is separated from it by the hundred of Braughing, and the other holdings there are given under Hertford Hundred. On the other hand an estate of 5 hides in Anstey is entered under Odsey Hundred, but, as Anstey does not adjoin Odsey Hundred and another holding there is

1 Pop. Ret. (1831), i, 246.

2 In the small parish of Meesden the return of woodland was for 400 swine in 1086 (V.C.H. Herts.

i, 3074).

3 The total amount at which Barkway was assessed is also a little uncertain (V.C.H. Herts. i, 329, n. 1).

4

T

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

returned under Edwinstree, it is probable that this is due to the omission of a heading. With these exceptions the area has remained unchanged since 1086.

Within the hundred there has been to some extent a change of com- position. Layston is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but is evidently represented by Alfladewyk. In the Subsidy Rolls of the 13th and 14th centuries it is noticeable that Layston and Alfladewyk do not occur on the same Roll,* and ‘ the parish of Lestanchurch called Alfladewyk’ was assessed fora ninth in 1340. Itseems probable, therefore, that after ‘le stan church was built and Alfladewyk became an ecclesiastical parish, Lestancherch or Layston gradually superseded Alfladewyk as the parochial name. In the 12th century the church of Alswick acknowledged itself a chapel to this church and Alswick was thenceforward included within the ecclesiastical parish of Layston, but as a civil parish it remained separate for purposes of taxation as late as the 16th century. Wakeley is another ancient parish which has failed to maintain its entity. In 1307 three persons were assessed there for a lay subsidy’; at the levy of the ecclesiastical subsidy in 1428 a return of ‘no inhabitants’ was made.’ It was taxed separately as late as the 17th century, although only one resident was assessed for the hearth tax.? Berkesden was an ancient ecclesiastical parish, but apparently had no separate civil existence. In the 13th century Bordesden and Patmore (both of which are mentioned in the Domesday Survey) appear as townships with judicial responsibilities,” and in 1307 a subsidy was charged on ‘ Little Hormead and Bordesden.’" There is no evidence, however, that either of these ever formed a separate parish. There are none of the small boroughs in this hundred which are common in Braughing, but by the beginning of the 14th century the road settlements of Barkway on the Cambridge road and Much Hadham on the route from Essex into the south of Hertfordshire are found considerably in advance of the other parishes in size of popula- tion.” Next to these in 1307 come Albury, Anstey and Barley, whilst Buckland on Ermine Street stands considerably lower. In 1545 Barkway was by far the richest township in the hundred.”

The subdivision of holdings in this hundred before the Conquest is very noticeable. With the exception of the estates of the Bishop of London and the church of Ely at Hadham and of the abbey of Chatteris at Barley, nearly every parish seems to have been divided into small holdings held by the men or sokemen of the king, Earl Harold, Earl Algar, Archbishop Stigand, Asgar the Staller, Anschil of Ware, Godwin of Benefel, Almar of Belintone and others.’ After the Conquest these

* cf. Lay Subs. R. bdle. 120, no. 5 (24 Edw. I), where Lestancherch is given, but not Alfladewyk ; bdle. 120, no. 7 (34 Edw. I), where Alfladewyk is assessed; and bdle. 120, no. 8 (1 Edw. II) where Alfladewyk is given again, Layston not being mentioned in the two latter rolls. See also Assize R. 318 (32 Hen. III), where there is an entry concerning the drowning of a certain Elena near ‘ Lestoneschurch.’ Her brother, the first finder, did not appear, and was attached by Hugh the Clerk of Alfladewyk.

® Ing. Nonarum (Rec. Com.), 432 ; see Assize R. 325 (15 Edw. I), m. 7, where the parish of Alfladewyk

is mentioned.

® Lay Subs. R. bdle. 120, no. 120 (16 Hen. VIII). T Ibid. no. 8. 8 Feud. Aids, ii, 457. ® Lay Subs. R. bdle. 248, no. 29.

10 Assize R. 323. 1 Lay Subs. R. bdle. 120, no. 8 (1 Edw. II)

2 Ibid. no. 7, 8. 18 See Subsidy Roll printed in Herts. Gen. and Antig. i, 163.

In connexion with these holdings of sokemen the occurrence in three cases of the suffix ‘wick’ preceded by a personal name is interesting. Lewarewick had been held T. R. E. by Leware, Alswick is evidently a contraction of Alsiswick, and Alfladewyk probably took its name from an Ethelflaeda.

2

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

fractional holdings had to a great extent been amalgamated into larger estates, but even in 1086 the holdings are comparatively small and numerous, one ‘manor’ at Wakeley consisting of 40 acres, another estate at Throcking of 12 acres, whilst a hide at ‘ Haslehangra’ was divided into two thirds and a third.

In the 13th century the hundred court still met on a plot of ground called ‘Edwynestre, which was held by the sheriff and was worth rd. per annum. Unfortunately, there is no direct evidence as to where this plot was situated. At the same date, however, there is mention of ‘ the wood of Edwynesbrugg, and as the vills of Furneux Pelham and Brent Pelham were presented for not making suit in connexion with a murder in this wood," it seems probable that Edwinsbridge was in their neighbourhood and perhaps also Edwin’s Tree.

The hundred of Edwinstree was farmed by the sheriff with that of Odsey.”” It remained vested in the Crown until 1613, when it was granted with the hundred of Odsey to William Whitmore and others" in trust for Sir Julius Adelmare a/as Caesar. It then followed the descent of Odsey.” The chief private franchise within the hundred was that of the Bishop of London, who owned either in demesne or in overlordship a great part of the land within its area. With Much Hadham, a pre-Conquest possession of the bishopric, where perhaps already at that date the bishops had a residence, as a nucleus, these lands were acquired by the bishopric before 1086, and with a few other places in Braughing Hundred formed a barony of which Bishop’s Stortford in that hundred was the head. By virtue of the extensive liberties enjoyed by the bishopric throughout its lands, the see at one time claimed a right to halfthe hundred of Edwinstree.” This, however, it did not attempt to make good before the justices of Edward I, but claimed quittance of suit of hundred court for its men and their tenants and assize of bread and ale and gallows at Hadham.* In 1275 it was presented that the bishop’s bailiffs would not allow the king’s ministers to enter the bishop’s liberty in the ‘vale of Hadham’ to distrain for the king’s debts.” At the same date the Bishop of Ely claimed return of writs, gallows and tumbrel in Little Hadham.* Gallows and assize of bread and ale were claimed by the Bishop of Bath and Wells at Newsells and Barkway, by the Abbot of Colchester at Barley, by the Earl of Gloucester at Popeshall, by Denise de Monchensey at Anstey, and by Lora de Sanford at Hormead.* The jurors for the hundred also deposed ‘withdrawals’ made by the Abbots of Colchester and Chatteris, whose tenants had formerly come by two men to the sheriff’s tourn twice a year, and by the lord of Popeshall, who had withdrawn his suit from two ‘general county courts’ and had kept back 5s. for sheriff’s aid and 2s. for fines of default (sursisa). A similar pre- sentment was made for Andrew le Guys, who held of Geoffrey de Scales.*

15 Assize R. 313 (6 & 7 Edw. I), m. 46. 16 Ibid. m. 44.

17 Thid. 323, m. 46; Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), 193. 18 Pat. ro Jas. I, pt. xxi, no. 7.

19 See Recov. R. East. 15 Chas. II, rot. 135 ; 39 Geo. III, rot. 33.

20 Pluc. de Quo Warr. (Rec. Com.), 290; Assize R. 325, m. 7.

1 Plac, de Quo Warr, (Rec. Com.), 290 ; Assize R. 323, m. 46. The bishop’s view of frankpledge was held at Patmore (Surv. of Albury, MSS. at St. Paul’s, WD. 16, Liber I).

22 Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), 193. 23 Ibid. 24 Assize R. 323, m. 46.

26 Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), 193.

3

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

ALBURY

Eldeberie (xi cent.) ; Audeburia (xiii cent.) ; Aldeburi, Aldebery (xiv cent.).

The parish of Albury contains 3,248 acres, of which over 2,000 are arable and about one-quarter permanent grass! The district is fairly well wooded, the more important woods being Patmore Hall Wood in the north of the parish, Bog’s Wood, Shaw Wood, Upwick Wood and Salmon Mead Spring in the east, Albury End Wood and Burrell’s Spring in the south, Ferrick’s Wood in the west, and Ninno Wood which lies along the Ash in the centre of the parish. This part of the river appears to have been known as Ninno Water in the 17th century.2 The Ash flows through the middle of the parish, and the land rises from 251 ft. above the ordnance datum in the valley to about 374 ft. in the east and to over 400 ft. in the west. An inclosure award for Albury was made in 1869 under an Act of 1864.7

Among the place-names in the parish were Chisley Field Common, Ann’s Common, Mill Field Com- mon, Patmore Field, Clapgate Common, Parsonage Field, Great Bushey Ley, Molly’s Chip.4 In the south of the parish are two greens, Upwick Green and Walnut Tree Green.

The parish is bordered on the east by the boundary between Essex and Hertfordshire, and on the south by the Stane Street.

The village lies nearly a mile to the north of Stane Street, the church of St. Mary standing on high ground on its north side. The manor-house of Albury Hall stands in a park of 200 acres about half a mile to the north-west. It was built by John Calvert at the end of the 18th century about So yards north of the site of the original hall which he had pulled down. The west wing was added by Richard Dawson in 1848.5 The house has been restored and enlarged by its present owner, Mr. M. G. Carr Glyn.

The present vicarage is a modern house built about 1847,° on the south side of the village street. The Parsonage Farm lies further west on the north side of the road. Adjoining the churchyard is a 16th or possibly 15th-century half-timbered house, much altered in the last three centuries. It is a two- storied rectangular building with a thatched roof and is now divided into two cottages. ‘There is some ancient brick-nogging in the east front and in the west gable is a 17th-century moulding in low relief; in the south front is some plaster work moulded in panels of about 1700.

Albury Lodge, which stands about three-quarters of a mile to the south-east of the church, was held in the 17th century by the Brograves,’ and was fos- sibly built by them about 1597, when they acquired half the manor. It was built of timber, and during the rgth century was cased in brick. The plan of the house is E-shaped, with the main block facing east. On the west is a projecting staircase wing. Some of the rooms contain the original panelling reset, and there is a pilaster with arabesque panels on

1 Statistics from Bd. of Agric. (1905).

4 Cussans, Hist. of Herts. Edwinstree

the first oor. A small garden on the east is inclosed by a 17th-century wall with a moulded brick plinth.

In the middle of the last century the village was in a deplorable state. There was no resident clergy- man, and the curate who rode over to take the services was accustomed, if he found only a few people assembled, to bribe them to go away. After the purchase of the Patmore Hall estate by Mr. Hugh Parnell in 1848 the condition of affairs was altered. The old vicarage to the west of the church, which was uninhabitable, was pulled down, and in 1849 a school was built by public subscription on its site.

Albury contains several small hamlets. Clapgate, where there is a smithy, lies at the junction of the village street with the Pelham road. In 1646-7 John Scroggs, lord of the manor of Patmore, com- plained that John Ginne of Albury had inclosed part of the common ‘ fayring way’ between Clap- gate and Albury Church near a water-course, so that the inhabitants were obliged to plunge into a pit whenever it rained if they wished to pass that way either to church or elsewhere.6 Gravesend is a hamlet on the Pelham road a little north of Clap- gate. Albury End lies on a road leading south from the village to Stane Street. Upwick is in the south- east of the parish on the road to Farnham.

At Patmore Heath is a village built round the heath, on the east of which is a windmill. In 1683 several people were fined for attending an unlawful conventicle at Patmore Heath. ‘The preacher was Thomas Burn, whose malt was seized by the con- stables, probably in default of the payment of a fine.® There is now an unsectarian mission chapel here. Patmore Hall is now a farm. ‘The present house was built in 1862. A part of the Elizabethan panelling from the old house, then pulled down, was found in a fowl-house in 1912 and removed to Carldane Court, Much Hadham, where it has been incorporated in a mantelpiece. ‘Traces of a home- stead moat which remain in the garden suggest that the hall was once surrounded by a double moat. There seem to be remains of earthworks also to the south and south-east of the house.!°

Upwick Hall lies a little over a mile to the south- east of the church. Most of the house is modern, but one of the doorways has an oak frame of Tudor date, and two of the ground floor rooms have 17th-century panelling. A stone on the east front of the house is marked with the date 1646 and the initials T. S., which probably refer to one of ‘the Staceys. The gardener’s cottage at Upwick Hall dates from the end of the 15th century and is part of an L-shaped building. It has an overhanging upper story. The walls are of plaster, timber-framed, and the lower story is weather-boarded. The red brick chimney stack has square shafts set diagonally and is a 17th- century addition. There are two large fireplace openings placed back to back and spanned wih wooden lintels. The doorway on the north side,

8 Sess. R. (Herts. Co. Rec.), i, 89.

* Sess. R. (Herts. Co. Rec.), i, 228. Hund. 159. 5 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 334, 343. 3 Private Act, 26 & 27 Vict. cap. 6 East Herts, Arch. Soc. Trans. ii, 229. 10 Ease Herts. Arch, Soc. Trans. ii 39. 7 See Chan.Ing. p.m. (Ser.2),ceccxci,18. 238. ;

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

now blocked, has a flat four-centred arch, and there is a similar arch in the partition inside. Two other doorways have flat Tudor arches of oak, similar to the one at the hall.

In the reign of Edward the Confessor the manor of ALBURY was held of Archbishop Stigand by Siward." After the Conquest it was acquired by the Bishop of London ™ and became part of the barony of Stortford be- longing to the Bishops of London, of whom it was held by knight service.!8 At the end of the 13th century the bishop claimed that his tenants in Albury and his other vills in the hundred of Edwinstree should be quit of suit of hun- dred court as they had always been accustomed.!4 The last record of any rights of over- lordship found is in 1522.}5

In 1086 a certain Ralf was tenant in fee of Albury Manor.!® It afterwards passed to the Baards. In 1166 William Baard held two knights’ fees of the Bishop of London,!” which probably represent the manor of Albury, for at the beginning of the 13th century Simon Baard held two knights’ fees which are located in Albury.!8 In 1294 Albury was held by Robert Baard,!° who in 1316 settled the reversion of the manor on Geoffrey de la Lee and Denise his wife for their lives, with successive remainders to their sons Thomas, John and Robert.2° The manor had descended to Geoffrey and Denise before March 1319-20, when Geoffrey de la Lee received a grant of free warren.21_ There is no evidence that Thomas de la Lee ever held Albury, but by 1336 the manor had descended to John de la Lee, to whom Peter, vicar of Albury, and John de Vataille released the right of common in the park of Albury which his father Geoffrey de la Lee had granted them.”? John de la Lee received a grant of free warren in Albury and Braughing in 1366 with licence to inclose and impark 300 acres of land there.” He died seised of the manor in 1370, at which date there was a windmill on the manor worth 10,.74 His son and successor Walter 25 had one son Thomas, who died without issue before his father. On Walter’s death in 1395 his heirs were his three sisters, Mar- gery, who married Robert Newport, Joan the wife of John Barley, and Alice the wife of Sir Thomas Morewell.?6

In 1396 Sir Thomas Morewell and Alice his wife

MANORS

Bisnopric or London. Gules two swords of St. Paul crossed saltirewise.

" V.C.H. Herts. i, 3066.

1? Tid.

13 See Red Bk. of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 5413 Feud. Aids, ii, 431 3 Chan. Inq. p-m. 44 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 373 15 Edw. IV, no. 37; (Ser. 2), xxxvili, 24.

M4 Plac. de Quo Warr, (Rec. Com.), 290.

15 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), xxxviii, 24.

16 V.C.H. Herts. i, 306.

Red Bk. of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), i, 186.

18 Thid. ii, 541.

19 Lay Subs. R. bdle. 120, no. 8; see Feud, Aids, ii, 431.

2 Feet of F. Herts. 9 Edw. II, no, 231s

21 Cal. Chart. R. 1300-26, p. 4176

20, 21. nos.), NO. 37.

ii, m. 13, 12,

“was divided among his four sisters.4? In

22 Chauncy, Hist. Antig. of Herts. 147 quoting charter penes Sir T. Brograve). *3 Chart. R. 39 & 40 Edw. III, m. 7,

24 Chan. Ing. p.m. 44 Edw. III (1st % Ibid. ; see Close, 50 Edw. III, pt.

26 See Chauncy, Hist. Antig. of Herts. 1473 Berry, Herts. Gen. 74 Morant, Hist. and Antiq. of Essex, i, 393.

27 Chauncy, loc. cit.

28 Ibid. 151 (from brass in church).

29 See Feud. Aids, ii, 446.

30 Chan. Inq. p.m. 24 Hen. VI, no. 29.

31 Ibid. 15 Edw. IV, no. 37.

32 Parl, R. vi, 5044.

ALBURY

conveyed their share to the vicar of Albury and others, evidently in trust for John Barley and Joan

Deva Lez. Argent @ cross azure with five leopards’ heads or thereon.

Barizy. Barry wavy sable and ermine.

his wife, who held a court of the manor the same year.2” Joan died in 1419 and her husband in 1420,°8 and Albury passed to their son John Barley.” He died seised of the manor in February 1445-6, when it descended to his son Henry Barley,*° who held it until his death in January 1475-6.51 His son William Barley, who succeeded him, was con- cerned in Perkin Warbeck’s conspiracy and forfeited his lands for high treason in 1495.32. The bill of attainder was reversed in 1498 and the lands restored in 1503,°3 and Barley died seised of Albury in March 1521-2.5# It descended to his son and heir Henry Barley,** and on his death in 1529 to his son William Barley,?° who died before 1563,37 when the manor was held by his daughter Dorothy and her husband Thomas Leventhorpe.?® Dorothy died in 1574.9 and her husband in 1588.49 ‘Their only son Thomas died without issue in 1594 4! and Albury i) Richard Frank, husband of Anne, one of the oe became possessed of half the manor by acquiring the share of Francis Hubberd and Eliza- beth, another of the heirs,* and in 1597 John Brograve, father of Simeon Brograve, husband of Dorothy the third heir, bought the quarter of the manor which was held by John Longmer and Helen his wife, the fourth heir.“4 On John’s death in 1613 this quarter descended to Simeon,* who thus with his wife Dorothy became possessed of the other half of the manor. The manor remained in these two families during the 17th century.

BroGRave. three leopards gules.

Argent

33 Ibid. 5542.

34 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), xxxviii, 24.

35 Ibid. 38 Ibid, li, §.

37 He levied a fine of the manor in 1558 (Feet of F. Herts. East. 4 & 5 Phil. and Mary).

38 Ibid. East. 5 Eliz.; see Visit, of Herts. (Harl. Soc.), 150.

39M. I.

40 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), ccxix, 133.

41 His will is dated 1594. See New- court, Repertorium, i, 791.

42 Visit. of Herts. loc. cit.

43 Feet of F. Herts. Mich. 36 & 37 Eliz.

44 Ibid. Mich. 39 & 40 Eliz.

4 Chan, Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxxxy, 8.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

In 1617 Simeon Brograve was granted free fishery and free warren in Albury.4© He died in January 1638-9, and his half of the manor, with a messuage called Albury Lodge, descended to his son John,‘ whose son Thomas Brograve was created a baronet in March 1662-3.4% He died in 1670 and was succeeded by his son John.49 The other half of the manor, on the death of Richard Frank in 1627, descended to his son Leventhorpe Frank,°? who had five daughters, Susan, Anne, Mary, Frances and Dorothy.*! In 1640 he with his daughters Anne and Frances levied a fine of two fifths of one half of the manor of Albury, probably on the marriage of his daughter Anne with Robert son of Richard Hale of Tewin,? for Richard Hale appears as a party to the settlement.°? In 1646 Robert Hale and Anne his wife, Thomas Pix and Dorothy his wife and Frances Frank held a court of the manor with John Brograve.*4 Robert and Anne after- wards became possessed of half of the manor by the purchase of the shares of Thomas and Dorothy Pix and of Frances Frank,°* and in 1661 they sold it, with the mansion-house called Albury Hall, to Sir Edward Atkins, baron of the Exchequer.§® Sir Edward Atkins was one of the most celebrated judges during the Commonwealth. In 1640 he had been appointed baron of the Exchequer by the king, but as the order did not take effect he was created anew by the Commons in 1645. He continued to hold his office after the Restoration, and was one of the judges who presided over the trial of the regicides, but he took no active part in the proceedings.5”7 After the purchase of Albury Baron Atkins resided at Albury Hall,5° and died there in 1669.°9 His half of the manor descended to his son Edward, who sold it five years later to Thomas Bowyer, from whom it passed to Felix Calvert of Furneux Pelham. In 1688 Felix Calvert sold the manorial rights pertaining to this half to Sir John Brograve, bart.,®! who held the other half, and the two halves of the manor thus became united. On the death of Sir John Brograve in 1691 Albury passed to his brother Sir Thomas Brograve,®? who suffered a recovery of the manor in order to bar the entail.“! He died without issue in 1707, when his heirs were his sisters Jemima Brograve and Honora wife of John Stevenson. Jemima died before 1712, when many of her brother’s estates were sold to one of his creditors, Ralph Freeman, and in 1713 Honora, with her husband John Stevenson, Ralph Freeman, jun., and Robert Elwes, quitclaimed all right in the manor of Albury to John Ward.®

The manorial rights were afterwards acquired by Felix Calvert, nephew of Felix Calvert who had

formerly held half of the manor, but this purchase did not include the lands of the Brograves’ half.® Felix Calvert died in 1736, and was succeeded by a son of the same name, who held the manor ® until his death in 1755,’° when it descended to his son John Calvert,’! who was member of Parliament for Wendover in 1754 and afterwards sat several times for Hertford.’? On his death in 1808 Albury passed to his son John Calvert, who was member successively for the boroughs of Malmes- bury, Tamworth, St. Albans and Huntingdon, and also secretary to the lord chamber- lain.73 He died in 1844 and the manor was sold by his trustees in 1847 to Richard Dawson of Withcall, co. Lincoln, who died in 1868, when Albury de- scended to his daughter and heir Fanny, who married the Rev. E. J. Rogers. The manor was purchased in 1873 by John Stock Clark, a large copyholder in it, who wished to enfranchise his holdings. He died in 1884, when the manor passed to his four children, three of whom conveyed their shares to their brother Christopher James Clark in 1898. In 1899 he sold the manor to Mr. H. A. Hare of Much Hadhan, the present lord.”

In the reign of Edward the Confessor the manor of PATMORE or PATMORE HALL (Patemere, xi cent. ; Podmore, Patermere, xiii cent. ; Patesmere, Padymere, xiv cent. ; Pattemerhall, xv cent. ; Patmer Hall, xvii cent.) was part of the lands of Earl Algar and was held of him by Alward. After the Conquest, like Albury, it became a member of the barony of Stortford,’® and was held of the Bishops of London 76 by a yearly payment of 6s. 1d. for sheriff’s aid and castle guard and by suit rendered at the bishop’s court at Stortford.”7 The yearly rent of 55. for castle guard seems to be still paid to the lord of the castle manor.’8

Baldwin was tenant in fee of the manor of Patmore in 1086,’ and it was afterwards held by a family which derived their name from the manor. In 1166 William de Patmore was holding one knight’s fee and a third of a fee of the Bishop of London,® and at the beginning of the 13th century these fees, which evidently represent the manor of Patmore, had descended to Walter de Patmore,®! who gave land in Upwick and part of a feeding in Upwicksbroom to the nuns of Holywell (St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch) 8? The manor was afterwards held by John de Patmore,*?

ha aN

\

Carvert. Paly or and sable a bend counter- coloured.

4° Pat. 15 Jas. I, pt. xv.

“Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccexci, 18.

“8 G.E.C. Complete Baronetage, iii, 272.

Ibid.

50 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), ececxlii, 3L 51 Chauncy, loc. cit.

82 Thid.

33 Feet cf F. Div. Co. Mich. 16 Chas. I.

+ Chauncy, loc. cit.

55 Ibid.

58 Close, 13 Chas. II, pt. xxiii, no. 14. 57 Dict, Nar. Bizg.

53 See Cal. S. P. Dim. 1663-4, p. 239 39 Disk Nav, Biog.

© Chauncy, loc. cit.

6 Ibid. Saimon says that this half

descended from Felix Calvert to his son William, who sold it to his cousin Felix Calvert (Salmon, Hist. of Herts. 283), but this can only refer to the lands and not to the manorial rights which he says the Brograves purchased of Felix Calvert of Furneux Pelham.

© G.E.C. loc. cit.

® Close, 3 Will. and Mary, pt. ix, no. 22.

4 G.E.C. loc. cit.

§§ See manor of Hamells in Braughing.

6 Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 12 Anne.

& Salmon, loc. cit.

85 V.C.H. Herts. Families, 65.

© See Feet of F. Herts. East. 24 Geo. II ; Recov. R. East. 24 Geo. II, rot. 53.

0 VCH. Herts, Families, 65.

6

71 See Recov. R. Trin. 30 & 31 Geo, Il, rot. 198 ; East. 44 Geo. III, rot. 23.

7 VCH, Herts. Families, 67.

73 Ibid.

™ Cussans, Hist, of Herts. Edwinstree Hund. 158; information from Mr. W. Minet.

VCH. Herts. i, 3066.

76 See Chan. Ing. p.m. 24 Hen. VI, no. 29; (Ser. 2), lx, 147.

7 Cal. Ing. p.m. 1-19 Edw. 7.371

78 Bast Herts, Arch. Soc. Trans. iiy 238.

79 V.C.H. Herts. i, 3064,

© Red Bk, of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), i, 186.

®1 Ibid. ii, 541, 542.

89 Cal. Chart. R. 1226-67, p, 201,

8 See De Banco R. 15, m. 64.

Avsury + Hatr-TimBerED HovusE aDJOINING THE CHURCHYARD

Atpury Cuurcu: Late 14TH-century Monument

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

who died before 1276, when his widow Joan was hold- ing a third of the manor in dower.®! John de Patmore had married the daughter of William Baud of Hadham, and had enfeoffed William of the other two parts of the manor, but after William’s death an action to recover them was brought against his widow Philippa by William Monchensey (who is said to have had a life grant of the manor from John de Patmore) ** on the plea that the grant to William Baud had not been in fee.8& William Monchensey forfeited before 1291, when the custody of Patmore was granted to Stephen Fitz Walter,87 and on his death it was granted to Robert Fitz Walter in 1295.88 Philip de Patmore recovered seisin of the manor against William Monchensey in 1297,°° and was holding the manor in 1303.%° He died before 1313 when his son John and Sarah his wife were holding the manor.®! In 1321-2 the tenants of Patmore petitioned Parliament against Sir John de Patmore, whom they accused of imprisoning them at will and extorting sums of money for their redemp- tion.°? There is no evidence of their obtaining redress ; but as Sir John was an adherent of the Earl of Lancaster he was obliged soon after to flee the kingdom, and in 1324 the manor was granted by the king to Simon de Mountbreton.%? In 1327 it was restored to Sarah wife of John de Patmore at her ‘suggestion’ that her husband’s lands had been seized owing to the enmity between himself and Hugh le Despenser the younger.*#

John de Patmore died before 1361, when the manor was held by his son John de Patmore,*> whose widow Parnel was holding in 1366.9° She was wife succes- sively of John atte Barre and William Rokesburgh.%” The reversion of the manor was divided between Margaret wife of Ralph Jocelin, the daughter of John de Patmore,®® and Alice wife of Richard Plantyng, probably another daughter. In 1366 Alice, with her husband Richard Plantyng, sold the reversion of her half to John de la Lee and Joan his wife,®® and in Hilary term 1385-6 Thomas Jocelin, son and heir of Margaret Jocelin,! sold the reversion of the other half of the manor to Sir Walter de la Lee, kt.,! son and heir of Sir John de la Lee, who had died in 1370.2, In 1387 Sir Walter received a quitclaim from William and Parnel de Rokesburgh,® and he

& See De Banco R. 15, m. 9d. 57 Thid.

ALBURY

died seised in 1395, when his three sisters were his co-heirs.4 In Hilary term 1406-7 Margery Newport and Joan Barley conveyed the manor to Robert Sewale and Margery his wife,5 who seem, however, later to have released their right in favour of Joan Barley,® for in 1428 the manor of Patmore was held by her son John Barley.’

On the death of Henry Barley in January 1475-6 8 the manor passed to ‘Thomas Barley (probably a younger son), whose daughter and heir Katherine married John Harleston. On her death the manor descended to her daughter and heir Agnes, who married Thomas Scroggs. Agnes died before her husband, who held Patmore until his death in 1538.9 His heir was his son Francis,!° from whom the manor descended in 1585 to his son John Scroggs,!! who died seised in 1592.12 Edward his son was aged six at his father’s death, and during his minority the manor was held by his mother Mary, who married as her second husband Sir Thomas Stanley.48 John son of Edward Scroggs 4 died in 169215; his son John was holding in 1700,!° and from him Patmore descended to his son Thomas Scroggs, barrister-at- law of the Middle Temple, who died unmarried in 1710,!7 when his two sisters Mary !® and Judith were his heirs. Mary married Charles Dartequenewe, who purchased the other half of the manor from Judith and her husband John Lance.!® Charles Darte- quenewe died in 1737.29 Patmore was sold by his grandson Charles Peter Dartequenewe?! to Samuel Cockett in 1775.22 Cockett mortgaged the estate to Sir Abraham Hume, bart., and finally conveyed it in 1780 to Paul Caldwell, who paid off the mortgage. Lands included in this sale are Oxlays, the Bowling Green, the Dovehouse, the Broome, Dyersfield, Stock- field, Dobin Hall Pasture, Hornbeams, Daniel Meadow, Onefoin Close, Shawes Reads.

The sale led to disputes,?* and in 1781 Caldwell conveyed Patmore to John Calvert,” lord of the manor of Albury. It descended with the manor of Albury until 1848, when it was purchased from the trustees of John Calvert’s will by Hugh Parnell of Much Hadham and Clapton. Hugh Parnell died in 1861, and Patmore descended to his sons Hugh and John, barristers-at-law.*° On the death of Hugh in 1906 the manor passed to his cousin Mr. Franklyn

13 Exch, Dep. Mich. 5 Jas. I, no. 21;

85 Chan. Ing. p.m. 14 Edw. I, no. 27.

86 Assize R. 323, rot. 5d.; De Banco R.17,m. 62. William Monchensey also claimed Joan Patmore’s third by grant of her second husband Ralph de Poley, but Joan was able to prove a divorce between herself and Ralph (De Banco R. 15, m. gd.).

87 Cal. Pat, 1281-92, p. 416 3 Cal. Fine R. 1272-1307, p. 288.

88 Cal. Fine R. 1272-1307, p. 3623 Abbrev. Rot, Orig. (Rec. Com.), i, 90.

89 Assize R. 1311, m. 111d,

90 Feud, Aids, ii, 431.

91 Feet of F. Herts. 7 Edw. II, no. 143.

92 Parl, R. i, 3892.

98 Cal, Pat, 1324-7, p43 Cal. Close, 1323-7, p. 291.

4 Cal. Close, 1327-30, pp. 38, 153 One-third of the manor was still held by Alice widow of Philip de Patmore.

% Ibid. 1360-4, p. 275.

% See Feet of F. Herts. 40 Edw. ITI, no. 571; 9 Ric. II, no. 79 ; Lond. Epis. Reg. Braybrook, fol. 394.

9% Visit. of Essex (Harl. Soc.), 228. 99 Feet of F. Herts. 40 Edw. III, no.

71. 100 See Visit. of Essex, loc. cit. 1 Feet of F. Herts. 9 Ric. II, no. 79.

2 Chan. Ing. p.m. 44 Edw. III (1st.

nos.), no. 37.

8 Feet of F. Herts. 11 Ric. II, no. 92.

4 See above under Albury.

5 Feet of F. Herts. 8 Hen. IV, no. 42.

® See ibid. no. 53; Close, 9 Hen. V, m. 5d,

7 Feud. Aids, ii, 446. The manor is said to have been formerly held by John Sherborn, who appears to have been a trustee of Sir Walter Lee’s estates, See Salmon, Hist. of Herts, 284.

8 See above.

9 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), Ix, 147.

10 Ibid. ; see Feet of F. Herts. East. 33 Hen. VIII.

11 Cussans, Hist. of Herts, Edwinstree Hund. 162 ; see Feet of F. Herts. Mich. 31 & 32 Eliz.

12 Chan, Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), ccl, 69.

Z

see Salmon, Hist. of Herts. 284.

4 Chauncy, Hist. Antiq. of Herts. 1§1.

16M. I.

16 Chauncy and Salmon, loc. cit. Cussans says, however, that the younger John died before his father and was buried at Albury in 1685. Cussans, loc. cit.

Y Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antig. of Herts. iii, 338 (M. I.).

18 Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 12 Anne; Recov. R. Trin. 13 Anne, rot. 31.

19 Salmon, Hist. of Herts. 284.

30 Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antiq. of Herts. iii, 338 (M. I.).

21 Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 3363; see Recov. R. Mich. 9 Geo. III, rot. 254.

22 Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 336.

38 Com. Pleas D. Enr. East. 20 Geo. III, m, 201.

24 Clutterbuck, loc. cit.

% Feet of F. Herts. East. 21 Geo. III.

26 Cussans, op. cit. Edwinstree Hund. 162.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

Arden Crallan, who so'd the estate in 1912 to Mr. Frank B. Debenham, the present lord of the manor.*?

The manor of UPWICK alias UPISICK HALL (Uppewyk, xv cent.) probably formed part of the Bishop of London’s holding in 1086, for it was always held of the Bishop of London’s fee.”* At the beginning of the 13th century Osbert Masculus was holding half a knight’s fee of the bishop,’? which may probably be identified with the manor of Upwick, as it was afterwards held by Richard Masculus.%? It descended on his death to his son and heir William Masculus, aged nineteen in 1244.°! In 1303 William le Madle was holding half a knight’s fee in Albury, which probably represents this manor. Upwick afterwards came into the possession of the Lees, lords of the manor of Albury. In 1370 Sir John de la Lee, kt., died seised of it. His heir was his son Walter,** but in 1386 the manor was held by Nicholas Fitz Richard and Alice his wife in the right of Alice.*4 They conveyed it to Roger Lambourn and others,*> possibly in trust for Walter Baud. In 1420 Walter Baud settled Upwick on him- self for life with reversion to his wife Katherine for life and successive remainders to the sons of Walter and Katherine, and in default to Walter son of his brother John Baud, to whom he had recently stood god- father, to John son of John Baud, and to William son of another brother, Thomas Baud, in tail-male.*® Walter Baud died without issue in that year,*” and his nephews also appear to have died without issue, as his brother Thomas Baud became his heir.°* Walter’s widow Katherine appears to have married as her second husband Wiliam Godered, for in 1428 William Godered and Katherine conveyed the manor of Upwick to Thomas Baud the elder, Thomas Baud the younger and Margery his wife.*?

Thomas Baud died in 1430 and his son Thomas in 1449, when U pwick descended to the latter’s son Ralph, who died seised of it in 1483.4° His son Thomas Baud inherited the manor,‘! and mortgaged it with his other estates in 1503. These were sold in 1504 to Lord Darcy, who redeemed the mortgage.4? He probably conveyed the manor to the Elliots. In 1519 Thomas Baud’s widow Anne, then the wife of John Blenarhassett, quitclaimed her right to John Aleyn and others,43 probably in trust. In 1558 the manor was held by Magnus Elliot, who quit- claimed al] right in it to John Eliiot.44 It descended to George Elliot, who with his wife Joan conveyed it in 1574 to William Parker, citizen and linendraper of

% Information from Mr. F. A. Crallan.

and Hadham Parva,’ Essex Arch. Soc.

London.45 ‘Three years later William Parker con- veyed it to Humphrey Corbett,*® who died seised of it in 1609.7 Humphrey’s kinsman and heir Roland Corbett made a settlement of the manor in 1624 on the occasion of the marriage of his son Richard with Jane daughter of Sir Thomas Fowler, kt.4® In 1636 he sold Upwick to William Stacey,*® who died seised of it in 1660, when it descended to his son Edward, living in 1695.5 It passed to his son Edward Stacey,*! and has since remained with this family,©? Mr. Frank Stacey of Wickham Hall, Bishop’s Stortford, being the present owner.

The manor of DARCIES (Dacres, xvi cent. ; Dorses, xvii cent.) in Albury was held of the Bishop of London.®8 The earliest record of this manor seems to be in 1376, when it was held by Sir Walter de la Lee, kt., with the manor of Albury.54 On the division of Sir Walter’s property among his sisters and co-heirs*® Darcies descended with Patmore ** (q-v.), but on coming into the hands of the Barleys it was again united with Albury (q.v.), and from that time always descended with it. The last reference found to it as a separate manor is in 1713.

The RECTOR? MANOR of Albury was originally held by the Bishop of London, and was said to have been one of the manors which were attached to his table.5?7 In the reign of Stephen, Robert de Sigillo, Bishop of London, gave it to Godfrey, the first treasurer of St. Paul’s.58 There were 6 acres of demesne land, for which the treasurer had to find a light in the church every night. These appear to be the lands which in the 16th century were called Lampland and Torchland.© ‘There were also 10 acres in demesne held of the sheriff, to whom an annual payment was due.®! As ecclesiastical property the manor was quit of the king’s purveyors.°? The treasurer was accustomed to lease out the parsonage, reserving to himself the manorial rights and also the right to have a stable there for his horses. By a 16th- century lease the treasurer was bound to repair the parsonage-house with timber and to keep in repair all tiled houses, while the lessee was to repair the thatched houses.? In the 17th century the rectory manor was leased to the Leventhorpes and afterwards to the Brograves, lords of the manor of Albury (q.v.). During the Commonwealth the rectory was seques- trated as part of the possessions of St. Paul’s Cathedral,®® but it was afterwards restored to the treasurer, who held it until the middle of the 19th century, when the Venerable Archdeacon Jones, the treasurer, sold it

54 Close, 50 Edw. III, pt. ii, m, 13

7

® See Cal. Ing. p.m. Hen. III, 9 ; Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cecxiv, 129.

® Red Bk. of Exch. (Roils Ser.), ii, $41.

*® Cal. Ing. p.m. Hen. ITI, 9.

31 Ibid.

38 Feud. ids, ii, 432.

8 Chan. Ing. p.m. 44 Edw. III (1st bos.), no. 37.

4 Feet of F. Div. Co. 9 Ric. II, no. 55- 3 bid,

8 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 11498.

87 Chauncy, op. cit. 159 (M. I.).

83 For an account of this family see the manor of Little Hadham.

89 Feet of F. Herts. 6 Hen. VI, no. 33.

“Chan. Ing. p.m. 1 Ric. III, no. 6.

4 Thid.

“ Minet, ‘The Bauds of Coryngham

Trans. ‘New Ser.), x, 145.

48 Feetof F. Herts. Mich. 11 Hen. VIII.

“Toid. East. 4 & 5 Phil. and Mary ; Recov. R. Mich. 1558, rot. 515.

Feet of F. Herts. Mich. 16 & 17 Eliz,

Recov. R. Hil. 1577, rot. 752.

“Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxiv, 129. 48 Ibid. cecclxxvi, 108; Feet of F. Div. Co. Trin. 22 Jas. 1; Recoy. R. Trin. 22 Jas, I, rot. 37.

Inform. from Mr. F, Chauncy, op. cit. 150, gives Salmon, Hist. of Herts. 283.

5° Exch. Dep. Trin. 7 Will. III, no. 5 ; see Chauncy, loc. cit.

51 Salmon, loc. cit.

53 cf. Feet of F. Herts. Mich. 41 Geo. III.

5 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), li, 5.

8

Stacey. 16335

12, 9.

53 See manors of Albury and Patmore.

56 See Feet of F. Herts. 8 Hen. IV, Hosa 53: ;

auncy, op. cit. 1473 Dugdale,

Hist. of St. Pauls, fol, Bel *Neweourt Repertorium, i, 791.

5° Newcourt, loc. cit. quoting register of Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s.

*9 Newcourt, loc. cit.

6° Pat. 14 Eliz. pt. ii, m. 17.

61 Newcourt, Repertorium, i, 791.

® See Cal. Pat. 1313-17, P- 1321-4, pp. 52, 221.

®8 Lond. Epis. Reg. Stokesley, fol. 50.

®4 See Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), bdle. 421, no. 455 Close, 1651, pt. xxvi, no. 25 ; 7 Will. III, pt. vii, no. 233; Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 4 Anne,

® Close, 1651, pt. xxvi, no. 25.

190 5

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In 1867 it was purchased by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster,®° and has recently been bought from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners by Mr. Maurice Carr Glyn.%”

The parish church of ST. MARY stands on a hill at the eastern end of Albury village. The material is flint with clunch dressings and modern roofing of tiles or lead. The church consists of a chancel 28 ft. 6 in., nave 52ft. by 15 ft. 6in., aisles g ft. wide, west tower 13 ft. square, south porch, and a vestry and organ chamber on the south side of the chancel.

The earliest church of which any portion remains, consisting of a nave, aisles and chancel of about 1230, now survives only in the chancel, but the Purbeck marble stem and one small shaft of a late 12th-century font are remains of the r2th-century church which is known to have stood here.®° The nave, aisles and chancel arch were rebuilt about 1360. Ninety years | later the west tower was built, and the south porch was added in the latter half of the 15th cen- tury. In the 1gth century the vestry and organ chamber were added, and the clearstory windows over the south arcade of the nave were pierced about the same time. The church has undergone much restoration in recent years. The quoins and window tracery of the tower are all new, the south wall of the south aisle has just been rebuilt, and nearly all the external stonework of the windows has been renewed.

The chancel has three modern lancets in the east wall. On the north side are four original 13th- century lancets, of which the westernmost is a low-side window. The south side has only two | lancets, also original, and a piscina of the 14th century, with an Way ogee-trefoiled head, and a hood a mould ornamented with crockets and a finial. The bow] is modern. The communion table is of the late 17th century. There is a rood screen of 15th-century work which has tracery in the head, and the closed panels below the middle rail are pierced by small round holes. The chancel arch, which forms part of the 14th-century rebuilding, is of two moulded orders, with jambs of alternate shafts and rolls. This type is followed by the arcades of the nave of the same date, which are of four bays. The two westernmost bays on the south side, however, are plainer in detail, and were probably the last to be finished. The clearstory lights above the arcade on the south side are modern.

CHURCH

ALBURY

66 Cussans, Hist. of Herts. Edwonstree Hund, 168; see Lond. Gaz. 28 June 1867, p. 3623.

4

Thomas. 68 See Advowson.

6 Information from Rev. J. L. P.

9

ALBURY

Three of the tie-beams and wall-plates of the roof are of the 15th century.

In the north aisle, at the east and west ends, are two original 14th-century windows, much repaired, each of three lights. The three 15th-century windows in the north wall have lost their tracery. ‘There was also originally a 14th-century doorway in the north wall, but this is now blocked up. In this aisle, and in the south aisle also, the trusses of the roof are of the 1sthcentury. The south aisle, which, as already noted, has undergone extensive reconstruction, has an original 14th-century east window of three lights,

SS AW : AK \ OZ XG UW B AN S a CHR KG (

ANANTH CCN

\

il awa nt

\ - a =

\

Cuurcu: East Enp of THE SouTH AISLE

now inclosed by the vestry and organ chamber, three windows on the south and one on the west of two lights each, also of the original structure ; only the east and south-east windows, however, have escaped renewal, and the latter is in a very decayed con- dition. There is a stoup on the east side of the south door.

The tower of three stages has diagonal buttresses and an embattled parapet, and is surmounted by a small leaded needle spire. The west doorway has a

granted to the treasurer of St. Paul’e in the reign of Stephen. The church was

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

pointed arch in a square head with tracery and roses in the spandrels. The jambs are much decayed. At the foot of the tower staircase is a door with 15th- century ironwork. The south porch, which has undergone much restoration, has windows in the east and west walls. The entrance is a pointed arch in asquare head. The tower arch is of three moulded orders with shafted jambs. The font now in use is modern. Reference has already been made to the remains of a font of earlier date. The pulpit is made up of early 17th-century panelling, and has the arms of Leventhorpe and other families inlaid in wood.

The monuments include one of especial interest, that of an unknown knight and his lady, of the late 14th century, probably Sir Walter or Sir John de la Lee. It stands in the north aisle and is a fine altar tomb with panelled sides and effigies in clunch, which afford an excellent example of costume and armour. The knight is attired in a short hauberk and a richly ornamented jupon. He wears a bascinet with the hinge for the visor plainly indicated ; the aventail, jambs, thigh-pieces and brassarts are also ornamented, and he wears plate gauntlets. His head rests on a fine helm with its lambrequin, sur- mounted by the crest, a kneeling angel. The lady wears a sideless gown and her hair is inclosed in an elaborate hair-net. The inscription is lost, and the arms and hands of the figures are gone, except the knight’s left upper arm and the tips of his fingers.

There is a brass in the nave of an unknown knight in armour, his wife and child; there is also a crest on the brass; the inscription is lost. Also in the nave are a brass of John Scroggs, his wife and child, with two shields ®* and a skull above, 1592, and floor slabs to Sir Leventhorpe Frank, 1657, and John Scroggs and his wife Elizabeth, 1692. On the north wall of the north aisle are three detached brass shields and a brass record of a 16th-century charity left by Ann Barley. On the south wall of the south aisle are a brass of Thomas Leventhorpe, 1588, his wife Dorothy, daughter of William ‘ Barlee,’ and six children, and two 14th-century roundels with symbols of the Evangelists.

The bells are three in number : the first and second are by Henry Jurdens of London, who died in 1470, and, therefore, date from about the time of the erection of the tower; the third is by Robert Oldfeild and is dated 1607.

The plate includes a cup of 1626,

The registers previous to 1812 are as follows : (i) all entries 1558 to 1657; (ii) 1669 to 1730; (iii) baptisms and burials 1730 to 1812 and mar- Tiages 1730 to 1754 (iv) marriages 1754 to 1812.

65a The arms ascribed to Scroggs of bend.

Patmore in Mundy’s additions to Herts. Pedigrees (Harl. MS. 1546), printed in Visit. of Herts. (Harl. Soc.), Appendix II, 163, are: Argent a bend azure be- tween two greyhounds running bend- wise sable with three peewits or on the

They are entirely different from those on this brass, which are a cross engrailed between four cinqfoile. The second shield on the brass has a cheveron between three boars’ heads, for Burton. © Newcourt, Repert. i, 791. 70 East Herts. Arch, Soc. Trans. ii, 229.

| fe)

The church of Albury was granted ADVOWSON by Robert de Sigillo, Bishop of London, to the treasurer of St. Paul’s,°? who appropriated it. The church was a peculiar of the Bishop of London, exempt from all jurisdiction except that of the bishop.” The treasurers of St. Paul’s held the rectory and advow- son 7! until 1845, when the patronage was transferred to the Bishop of Rochester, the Venerable Archdeacon Jones, then treasurer, retaining the right of presenta- tion during his lifetime.”? After the creation of the bishopric of St. Albans in 1877 Albury was transferred to that diocese, and the patronage of the church is now in the hands of the Bishop of St. Albans.

There was a chantry in the church of Albury to which 56 acres of land were attached,’* but nothing farther is known of it.

In 1587 Francis Gunter, in con- sideration of a certain devise by will of Mrs. Ann Gunter, his mother, charged an estate in Standon with an annuity of £3 for the distribution of 12d. in bread every Sunday, 6s. for a sermon in Easter week, 15. to the vicar, and 6d. to each of the churchwardens. The annuity is now represented by {100 consols, of which £387 55. $d. stock has been apportioned to the poor and {12 145. 7d. stock, producing 6s. 8d. yearly, for the ecclesiastical payments.

In 1594 Thomas Leventhorpe by his will devised his interest in certain hereditaments situated in Whitecross Street, St. Giles Without Cripplegate, London, one-half of the profits to be for the use of the poor of Albury and the other half to the use of the vicar. In 1867 the land was sold to the Metro- politan Railway Company and the proceeds invested in £1,425 195. 4¢. consols, of which one moiety (£712 195. 8d. stock) has been transferred to the governors of Queen Anne’s Bounty for the benefice and the other moiety retained for the poor.

In 1822 Thomas Mott by his will left £4 a year to be distributed in bread or money among twelve of the poorest families. The legacy is represented by £150 6s. 10d. consols.

The several sums of stock, except where otherwise stated, are held by the official trustees. The annual income applicable for the benefit of the poor, amounting to £23 15s., is distributed in coals.

The Poor’s Land.—A sum of £3 a year is also received as rent of an acre of land, of which £1 is given to the oldest widow and £3 10s. as the rent of certain cottages, presumably derived from the charity of the Rev. Marmaduke Bickendyke, a former vicar, will, 1589, and of Sarah Bishop, 1762.

CHARITIES

7 Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.), 195; Cal. Pat. 1313-17, p. 190; Lond. Epis. Reg. Stokesley, fol. 50 ; Close, 1651, pt. xxvi, no. 25 ; Inst. Bks. (P.R.O.), 1733, 1804.

7? Cussans, op. cit. Edwinstree Hund. 168. 7 Pat. 14 Eliz. pt. ii, m. 7.

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

ANSTEY

ANSTEY

Anestige, Anestei (xi cent.) ; Anastia (xii cent.) ; Anesty (xili and xiv cent.) ; Anstey-ad-Castrum (xv, xvii and xviii cent.).

The parish of Anstey has an area of 2,150 acres. The altitude varies from 444 ft. near Puttock’s End to 300 ft, near the south-western extremity of the parish. On the higher land to the east of the village are Hale Hill, the Rectory, which is surrounded by a moat, and Hale Farm, near to which is a moated tumulus, whilst to the south-west is Lincoln Hill, near Anstey windmill, and south of this Fox Hill. The soil is clay and chalk, with gravel in small quantities. Of the woods which figure largely in the early history of Anstey there remain principally East Wood, partly in Nuthampstead, which is mentioned in 1301~2,' and Northey Wood in the north-west part of the parish.

road from Brent Pelham village, which is eventually connected with the North Road. At its junction with the road to the North Road is the hamlet called Snow End, north of which is the ancient village containing the church, the school and the hall, the latter near the site of the castle. At the entrance to the churchyard is a picturesque mediaeval lychgate. It is of timber and divided into three bays, one of which has been built up with red brick to form the village lock-up.

At the north-western end of the parish is Biggin, where stood the biggin or hospital of St. Mary. Here is Biggin Farm, surrounded by a moat. Bandons is north-west of the village beyond Northey Wood.

Two rectors of the parish were men of distinction. James Fleetwood, chaplain to Charles II, became

Of other early place- names Payneshalle, Payneshallegrene, and the croft called Panefeld, which occur in 1478,* may probably be identi- fied with Pains End

near Northey Wood, COTTON, where is a homestead Le moat. Burryfelds PE Ry ony

Mentioned at the same date as lately part of the demesne may be connected with modern Burry Farm, Hale with Hale Farm and Hale Hill, 8nowdon with Snow End,? and Ladylye with Lady- like Grove.‘ In 1610 there is reference to land called Lon-

dayes,> which may have been identical with or situated near Lundas Grove. There is mention also of the field called Berdene® (xiii cent.), Westmore,’ Pesecroft and Leyhegg® (xiv cent.), Burstalfeld, Vorlowfeld, Wasshedell, Litelmedefeld, Ladyesacre, Oberneflend, Collefat Mede, Baillyhill, Hungyrhill, and the suggestive Lymekylnshotte, Chapelgate and Ansty Galwes® (xv cent.), Puttock End and Parlebiens * (xvii cent.).

The parish is traversed by the North Road, which is partly coincident with its western boundary and which crosses the River Quin at Biggin Bridge and Stapleton Bridge. The village is situated on a winding

1Mins, Accts. bdle, 862, no 1

5 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxvi, 38.

Anstey : Lycucate To CuurcHyarD

rector of Anstey after the Restoration, and subse- quently in 1675 was instituted Bishop of Worcester. In 1671 Robert Neville was presented to the rectory by Sir Roland Lytton. He was author of a five-act comedy called ‘The Poor Scholar.’ ”

An award for inclosing the lands of Anstey parish was granted in 1829" and supplemented in 1830 by a deed poll.”

Anstey is a good example of the smaller type of mount and bailey castle." There are now no masonry works above ground, but its ‘motte’ is perhaps finer than that at Berk-

CASTLE

Beaucock of Parlebiens occurs in the

Northeyfeld occurs in 1419 (Ct. R. [Gen. Ser. ], portf. 176, no. 124) and Eastwood coppice and Northwood coppice in 1544 (L. and P, Hen, VIII, xix [1], 1035 L97])-

2 Rentals and Surv. R. 268.

8 Ibid. Snowen End in Church Reg. of 1576,

4 Ct. R. (Gen. Ser.), portf. 176, no, 124.

6 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A too.

7 Mins. Accts, bdle. 862, no. a.

§ Ct. R. loc. cit.

9 Rentals and Sury. R. 268. There is a hill still known as Gallows Hill on the west side of the North Road. Ladyacre and Hungyrhill were names within living memory. ;

92 In 1§60 the baptism of Benedict

Il

register (see also monuments in church below). Possibly the present rectory was once known as Parlebiens (inform. from Rev. F. R. Williams).

10 Dict, Nat. Biog.

11 Com. Pleas D. Enr. Mich, 3 Will. IV, m. 2. 12 Tbid. m. 40.

13 See description of the earthworks of the castle, V.C.H. Herts. ii, 112.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

hampstead and its deep moats are still usually filled with water. At one time it was the head of a small barony, but it was never more than a manorial strong- hold and has no history. It followed the descent of the manor. According to tradition it was built by Count Eustace of Boulogne, and cither he or one of his immediate successors may well have thrown up its formidable earthwork:, upon which buildings of timber only would at first be erected. The castle was probably in existence when Geoffrey de Mande- ville acquired the manor in 1141, for he no doubt obtained it with the object of strengthening his position along the valleys of the Lea and Stort, where, between his stronghold at Walden and London, except for Bishop’s Stortford Castle, he had complete control." The Ansteys apparently sided with the barons against John and added to the fortifications of Anstey Castle during the Barons’ War. In 1218 Nicholas de Anstey was commanded to destroy the castle before mid-Lent, so that no part of it should remain except what was built before the war.’® It is impossible to decide what part of the castle was then demolished : possibly it was the masonry keep, indications of which have apparently been found.'’® The castle was still, however, of sufficient importance for the king to seize it on the death of Nicholas de Anstey in 1225, when William Fitz Baldwin was ordered to deliver the custody of it to Robert de Rokele, steward of the Archbishop of Canterbury.’ Anstey Castle is referred to in 1304, but by 1314 it had apparently ceased to be maintained as a castle, for in the inquisition after the death of Denise de Monchensey there is only reference to a capital messuage with garden and curtilage and no mention of the castle." The Hall probably stands on the site of the capital messuage just referred to,” which took the place of the castle as the residence of the manor. ANSTEY ™ was held before the Con- MANORS quest by Alward, a thegn of Earl Harold, who had the right to sell it. In 1086 it was among the lands of Count Eustace of Boulogne,” and it continued to be held of the honour of Boulogne.*

The manor was in 1086 held by Eustace in demesne. It was assessed at 5 hides.** It passed to the Crown through the marriage of Maud daughter and heir of Eustace III Count of Boulogne with King Stephen, and was granted by King Stephen to Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1141,” but escheated to the Crown by Geoffrey’s forfeiture before his death in 1144.

Richard de Anstey, who occurs in the Essex and

Hertfordshire Pipe Rolls for 1165-6 and 1166-7,” may have been a later tenant of the honour in Anstey. He was possibly succeeded by Hubert de Anstey, who held three knights’ fees in Anstey, Hormead and Braughing early in the 13th cen- tury *° ; Hubert was succeeded by Nicholas de Anstey, a minor, whose marriage and custody were granted to Robert Fitz Walter in 1210.” In 1218 Nicholas de Anstey was ordered to destroy Anstey Castle (see above).*° Apparently he was succeeded by his daughter Denise, a minor, in or before 1225, when the custody of the castle was committed to the Archbishop of Canterbury.’ In 1242 there is mention of Isabel widow of Nicholas de Anstey,” and in 1274~5 Denise, who had married Warine de Monchensey, held the manor ™ together with rights of free warren and the amendment of the assize of bread and ale. She held the manor and castle by the service of half a knight’s fee. The manor passed at her death to her granddaughter Denise wife of Hugh de Vere and daughter of William de Monchensey,* who held with her husband in 1305. In 1314 she died seised of the manor of Great Anstey, which comprised a capital messuage with a garden and curtilage, 240 acres of arable land, some meadow land, 20 acres of woodland, in which were rights of common, and certain services.” Her heir was her cousin Aymer de Valence Earl of Pembroke,** son of Joan wife of William de Valence, her father’s sister.° Aymer granted the manor in trust to Richard de Wynneferthing, clerk,‘ who in 1325, the year after the grantor’s death, surrendered it for the purpose of settlement to the king,“! who im- mediately granted it to Aymer’ s widow Mary, with reversion to Laurence son of John Lord Hastings and grandson of Aymer’s sister and co-heiress Isabel, Lady Hastings, to Eleanor daughter of Hugh le Despenser

Varence. Burelly argent and azure an orle of martlets gules.

Hastines. Argenta sleeve sable.

the younger, at this date betrothed to Laurence, and to the heirs of the bodies of Laurence and Eleanor.”

MJ. H. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1640., 174, 175.

15 Rot, Lit. Claus. (Rec. Com.), i, 350.

16 Excavations were made on the top of the ‘motte’ in 1903 by Mr. R. T. Andrews and Mr. W. B. Gerish, but they were of too slight a nature to give any very decisive results. The only evidence of masonry work is the mention of the great gate in a Ministers’ Account (Hubert Hall, Court Life under the Plantagenets, App. 216), but from the appearance of the * motte’ it probably had a masonry keep.

VW Cal. Pat. 1216-25, p. 543.

18 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 252.

19 Chan. Inq. p.m. Edw. II, file 34, no. 7.

30 This messuage is referred to in the Ministers’ Accounts already alluded to (Hubert Hall, loc. cit.).

21 There is a semi-fictitious account of Anstey Manor in Hubert Hall, Court Life under the Plantagenets, 1-25, and some interesting information relative to the manor in the Appendix to that book, 209-28. Mr. Hall’s pedigree of the Anstey family differs slightly from that given here. 2 V.C.H, Herts. i, 3214.

® Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 2734, 2753 Assize R. 3233 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 252; Chan. Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 34, no. 7.

24 V.C.H. Herts. i, 3214.

°5 J. H. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 141.

°° Pipe R. 12 Hen, II (Pipe R. Soc.), 124,

Ibid. 13 Hen. II, 154.

% Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 273.

12

Ibid. 270, 275; Pipe R. 12 John, m. 18 d. Nicholas is wrongly printed Richard in Testa, p. 2696.

2 Rot. Lit. Claus. (Rec. Com.), i, 350.

31 Cal. Pat. 1216-25, p. 543.

3? Cal. Close, 1237-42, p. 479.

33 Hund, R. (Rec. Com.), i, 193 3 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 1040; Assize R. 325.

4 Assize R. 323, 325. 85 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 252. 3% Feud. Aids, ii, 439. Chan. Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 345 ee ay 35 Ibid.

+E.C. Complete Peerage, vi, 204 0. 49 Cal. Pat. pe: p- ok hai “ Anct. D. (P.R.O.), C 1658. ” Cal. Pat, 1324~7, p. 153; Cal. Close, 1337-9 p. 27; G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vi, 208, 209 notes.

no.

ANSTEY CHURCH FROM THE SOUTH-EAST

Tue Nave Looxinc East

Anstey CuurcH

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

Laurence Hastings, whose marriage to Eleanor Des- penser never took place, died in 1348 as Lord Hastings and Earl of Pembroke.43

After the death, in April 1377, of Mary Countess of Pembroke, Anstey Castle and Manor were said to include a capital messuage, 410 acres of arable land, 22 acres of pasture, 24 acres of meadow, 30 acres of wood and underwood, which, owing to the thick shade of the trees, were of no value.44 The increased extent of the manor since 1314 must be due to the inclusion with it of Little Anstey (q.v.). At this time, since none of the beneficiaries under the grant of 1325 survived, Anstey escheated to the Crown and was granted by Edward II in May and by Richard II in November 1377 to Edmund Earl of Cambridge and heirs male of his body.48 At Edmund’s death in 1402 it passed to his son Edward.4® In 1415 Edward, who had incurred great expense in the foundation of Fotheringhay College, received licence from the king to mortgage Anstey and other lands to Henry Bishop of Winchester and others.47 Anstey passed at Edward’s death in 1415 48 to his nephew and heir Richard Duke of York.“9 The demesne lands were let in 1454-5 on a lease of twenty years. On the forfeiture of the duke in 1459 the manor accrued to the Crown,*! but it was restored before his death in 1460. By Edward IV in 1461 and by Richard III in 148453 it was granted to their mother Cicely Duchess of York to hold for life. It was held similarly as dower land by Elizabeth, queen of Henry VII,°4 and by Katherine of Aragon,®° Anne Boleyn *¢ and Jane Seymour.*” The last granted a lease of the site of the manor and the demesne lands to Robert Ive, who surrendered it in 1540 and received a Crown lease of the same pro- perty for twenty-one years at an annual rent of £10.58 In 1544 the site and capital messuage of Anstey Manor, together with lands and woods, all in the tenure of Robert Ive, were granted in fee to John Cock and his wife Anne,” who in 1553 received a grant of the manor and lordship.® John Cock, who was master of requests to Edward VI, died seised in 1557 and left a son and heir Henry.®! His widow Anne married George Pen- ruddock, with whom she held Anstey. The site and demesne lands continued in the tenure of lessees.62 The manor passed after Anne’s death, in accordance with her first husband’s

Cock. Quarterly gules and argent.

ANSTEY

will, to his son Henry ® Cock, cofferer of the royal household, who was a knight in 1572.54 He con- veyed it in 1593 to Thomas West and others ® for the purpose of settling the manor on himself, his wife and his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Robert West. Sir Henry Cock died seised in 1610, when his heirs were Henry Lucy, son of his daughter Frances and of Sir Edmund Lucy, and his daughter Elizabeth, but by the terms of the settlement Anstey was inherited by Elizabeth at her mother’s death.§7 Elizabeth Cock in 1610 was the wife of Sir Robert Oxenbridge, by whom she had a daughter and heiress Ursula.®8 She afterwards married as her third hus- band Richard Lucy, who suffered a recovery of Anstey Manor in 1617 7° and was created a baronet in 1618.7 In 1627, on the occasion of a marriage between Ursula Oxenbridge and John Monson, son and heir to Sir Thomas Monson, bart.,7? the manor was settled on Sir Richard Lucy for life, with reversion to John Monson and his heirs.? Later in this year it was conveyed by Sir Richard Lucy and his wife Elizabeth and by John Monson to John Stone,’4 who died seised in 1640, leaving a son and heir Richard.”> The latter was a knight in 1651, when with his wife Elizabeth, John Stone, his son and heir, and others he con- veyed the manor to his father- : in-law Richard Bennett and pag pag pay to Nicholas Francklyn,’® pre- sumably for the purposes of a | settlement. In 1666 John Stone and his wife Katherine conveyed it to Sir Roland Lytton, kt.,’7 of Knebworth, who died in 1674.78 His younger son Roland inherited Anstey by virtue of a settle- ment, by which he held it in tail with remainder to his eldest brother William Lytton of Knebworth. He was unmarried in 1696,’ and at his death, after 1700,89 Anstey passed to his brother William, who died in 1705,8! or to the latter’s heirs. It subsequently descended with Kneb- worth & until 1795, when it was sold by Richard Warburton Lytton to Samuel Robert Gaussen of Brookman’s Park in North Mimms, at whose death in 1812 it passed to his son of the same name.® The latter died in 1818, when his executors sold Anstey to the Right Hon. Sir William Alexander, lord chief baron of the Exchequer, who died in 1842, having devised it to his sister Isabella wife of John Peter Hankey for life, with remainder to her

Lytton of Kneb- worth. Ermine a chief indented azure with three crowns or therein.

48 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vi, 209.

44 Cussans, Hist. of Herts. Edwinstree Hund. 56.

45 Cal. Pat. 1377-81, p. 845 1416-22,

47; Feud. Aids, ii, 444.

® chan. Ing. p.m. 3 Hen. IV, no. 36.

47 Campb. Chart. x, 5 3 Cal. Pat. 1413- 16, p. 350-

48 Chan. Ing. p.m. 3 Hen. V, no. 45.

49 Feud. Aids, ii, 453.

50 Mins. Accts. bdle. 870, no. 4.

51 Cal, Pat. 1452-61, p- 551+

52 Ibid. 1461-7, p- 131-

58 Ibid. 1476-85, p. 459.

54 Parl. R. vi, 4632.

55 1. and P. Hen. VIII, i, 155+

56 Ibid. viiy 352.

57 Ibid. xii (2), 975.

58 Ibid. xv, 613 (36).

59 Ibid. xix (1), 1035 (97).

60 Pat. 7 Edw. VI, pt. ii.

61 Chan. Ing. p.m, (Ser. 2), cxi, 82.

6? Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), bdle. 181, no. I. 68 Ibid. bdle. 31, no. 68. 64 Visit, of Herts. (Harl. Soc.), 5. 65 Feet of F. Herts. East. 35 Eliz. 66 Chauncy, Hist. Antiq. of Herts. 109. 67 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxix, 200.

68 G.E.C. Baronetage, i, 39.

69 Ibid. 113.

70 Recov. R. Mich. 15 Jas. I, rot. 111.

1 G.E.C. Baronetage, i, 113.

a)

72 Ibid. 39.

73 Chauncy, op. cit. 109.

74 bid.

75 Chan. Ing, p.m. (Ser. 2), cccexcv, 85. 76 Feet of F. Div. Co. Mich. 1651.

77 Ibid. Herts. East. 1666.

78 Le Neve, Pedigrees of Knights (Harl.

Soc.), 82. : ; 79 Ibid. 83. Le Neve describes him as wir admod: inolentus et

80 Chauncy, op. cit. 109.

81 V.C.H. Herts. Families, 199.

8 Recov. R. Trin. 20 & 21 Geo. II, rot. 273 ; and see account of Knebworth, VCH. Herts. iii, 116.

83 Cussans, Hist, of Herts. Edwinstree Hund. 58.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

daughter Julia wife of the Hon. Seymour Thomas Bathurst, third son of the fourth Earl Bathurst, for

life, and to Julia’s children in

tail.64 The entail was barred in 1862 by Allen Alexander, son

ees

kk FH

Ak

eke *

of Mrs. Bathurst. In 1873 he

and his mother sold to Charles

Fredk. Adams, who died 1894. His trustees sold to Henry

Batuurst. Sable two

bars ermine with three

crosses formy or in the

chief.

Edward Paine and Richard Brettell in 1895, and in 1900 Mr. Paine became soleowner.®

In 1314 a court leet was said to be held once a year in Anstey,°6 but in 1470-1 it was held twice yearly.” In 1301-2, 13d. was rendered of 3s. of ‘Sendyng-pennie’ for a certain way and 14d. was paid for pannage ®; in 1401-2 6d. a year was paid as chevage by each of the nativi who lived out of the manor, which amounted in 1403-4 to 184.59 In 1470-1, 2s. was rendered to Hertford for castle ward, and in 1508-9, 12d.% In 1301-2 a large return was made from the dairy.°? The clear profit derived from the manor was £47 135. 2$¢. in 1358-9,% £24 11s. 9d. in 1403-4,°4 £32 65. 4d. in 1459-60," and only £6 115. gfd. in 1470-1.

Half a hide of land in Anstey was, like Wyddial, held before the Conquest by Alward, one of Earl Algar’s men, who had the right to sell it. At the time of Domesday it was still, like Wyddial, held in chief by Hardwin de Scales. The mesne tenant was then a certain Payn.*%” This holding seems to be that which subsequently passed with Wyddial. In 1359 it is described as 100 acres of land in Anstey and Wyddial, which were then held in demesne by Sir Thomas de Scales of Wyddial for suit of court at Anstey Manor. In 1382-3 the annual rent owed for it to the lord of Anstey was ros.,99 and in 1443 it appears that the suit of court at Anstey was rendered every three weeks. In 1478 the tenants were returned as Robert [John] Harcourt and his wife, who was daughter and co-heiress to Sir John Scales of Wyddial.!_ This holding may possibly be identified with tenements in Anstey held with Wyddial Manor in 1621.?

In 1359 there were said to be eight free tenants of Anstey Manor. These included, as well as Sir Thomas de Scales, John de Ufford, holder of a

knight’s fee in Braughing, the heirs of William Tollemache, who held half a knight’s fee in Brockley in Suffolk, the heirs of William Claydon, who held a knight’s fee in Sandon, co. Essex,’ and the heirs of Martin Chamberley, tenants of half a knight’s fee in Rownho or Littlebury in Stanford Rivers in Essex.‘ These tenants all owed suit of court to Anstey Manor. Of their holdings, Rownho Manor was again said in 1478 to be held freely of Anstey Manor by military service and by suit of court and an annual rent of 65. 84.°

A windmill appertained to Anstey Manor in 1314.8 In 1470-1 it was let for a rent of 36s. 8¢.7 and it was still held by a lessee in 1508-9. In 1547 a water-mill in Anstey was granted in fee simple to Sir John Bridges and said to be of the annual value of 205.9

LITTLE ANSTEY occurs in the early 13th cen- tury as part of the honour of Richard de Sackville, and perhaps originally formed part of the lordship of Aspenden.! In 1303 and later it was said to be held of Robert Fitz Walter and his descendants,!? who seem to have been the overlords of Aspenden. The heir of William de Sackville, successor of Richard, was Richard de Anstey,!3 and this holding passed with Anstey Manor. In 1303,!4 and again in 1304,) it was stated to constitute a knight’s fee, and at the latter date it was described as a hamlet of Anstey Manor.!® In 1314 it consisted of 120 acres of arable land, 2 acres of meadow and 2 acres of pasture.” After the 14th century it appears to have been completely merged in Anstey Manor.

BIGGIN MANOR probably consisted of the lands of the hospital of St. Mary Bigging, which existed in 1287 and held land in Anstey parish in 1291.18 Among their lands was the tenement called Paynes- hall.18 The chapel and lands of the hospital were granted in 1589 to William Tipper and Robert Dawe,” the notorious ‘ fishing grantees.’ The estate was acquired by the Provost and fellows of King’s College, Cambridge,?°2 who, according to Salmon, held a court leet and court baron in Biggin Manor in 1728.71 Cussans states that in 1873 all manorial rights had been merged in Anstey Manor.”?

BANDONS was the name given in the 15th cen- tury to certain copyhold land of Anstey Manor.” In 1535 a holding so called was sold by William Hawke of Ely to John Gill, of the family of Wyddial. The estate was increased by further acquisitions of

$4 Cussans, Hist. of Herts. Edwinstree Hund. 58.

8 Inform. from Mr. G. F. Beaumont.

86 Chan. Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 34, no. 7. 87 Mins. Accts. bdle. 870, no. 7.

88 Ibid, bdle. 862, no, 1.

9 Ibid. no. 3.

90 Ibid. bdle. 870, no. 7.

9% Tbid. 24 Hen. VII-1 Hen. VIII, no. 61.

92 Ibid. bdle. 862, no. 1.

98 Ibid. no. 2.

% Ibid. no. 3.

95 Ibid, bdle. 870, no. 4.

% Ibid, no. 7.

97 V.C.H. Herts. i, 340d.

98 Ct, R. portf. 176, no. 124.

99 Chan. Ing. p.m. 6 Ric. II, no. 31.

100 Ct. R. portf. 176, no. 124.

1 Rentals and Surv. R. 268.

? Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), ccecvii, 95.

% cf. Cal. Ing. p.m. 1-9 Edw. III, 206.

‘Ct. R. portf. 176, no. 124.

5 Rentals and Surv. R. 268. Inquisi- tions taken in 1330 and in 1478 found that Aspenden Manor (q.v.) was also held of Anstey. See Cal. Ing. p.m. 1-9 Edw. III, 210; Chan. Ing. p.m. 18 Edw. IV, no. 28.

® Chan, Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 34, no. 7.

7 Mins. Accts. bdle. 870, no. 7.

8 Ibid. 24 Hen. VII-1 Hen. VIII, no. 61.

9L, and P. Hen. VIII, xxi (2), 770 (83). 10 Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 270. In the 13th century Little Anstey was apparently a separate parish, for there was a church there (Assize R. 323 [6 & 7 Edw. I7, m. 44 4.).

1! Richard de Sackville was tenant of Aspenden (q.v.) in 1086.

14

\ Feud. Aids, ii, 431 ; Chan, Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 34, no. 73 10 Ric. II, no. 15; Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 2523 Cal. Ing. p.m. 1-9 Edw, III, 127.

18 See account of Aspenden,

M4 Feud. Aids, ii, 431.

15 Abbrev. Plac, (Rec. Com.), 252.

16 Ibid.

Chan. Ing. p.m. Edw. II, file 34,

no. 7. 18 See account of hospital in article on Religious Houses, The information given by Chauncy (Hist. Antig. of Herts. 108) refers evidently to Bigging in Standon,

19 Rentals and Sury. R. 268.

0 Pat. 31 Eliz. pt. v, m. 37.

30a Cal. S. P, Dom. 1619-23, Pp: 4.09.

31 Salmon, Hist. of Herts. 294.

Fe Cussans, op. cit. Edwinstree Hund. 55. 8 Rentals and Surv. R. 268,

TN SHAN

Anstey CuurcH. 12TH-ceENTURY Font

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

land in Anstey and Nuthampstead, and in 1870, when it was held by John Williamson Leader of Buntingford, extended to some 500 acres.*4 The parish church, the invocation of CHURCH which is traditionally to ST. GEORGE, stands about a furlong to the south-west of the village on high ground and a little below the crest of the hill. It is built of flint rubble, with dressings of clunch and Barnack stone, and is roofed with lead. All the roofing, except that of the north aisle, dates from a restoration of the rgth century. The church consists of a chancel 37 ft. by 18 ft. central tower 13 ft. square, north and south transepts, each 19 ft. 6 in. by 18 ft., nave 46 ft. 6 in. by 13 ft., north aisle g ft. wide, south aisle 10 ft. wide and south porch. A 14th-century north vestry has been destroyed. The restoration in the 1gth century included no structural alterations. The growth of the fabric is interesting. The earliest church, of the late 12th century, is now

3]

[Se a ZA South Aisle.

1o c} 10

ANSTEY

last addition to the church is the south porch, of late 15th-century date. The original 14th-century door- ways in the north aisle and north transept are now blocked up, only traces of the latter being visible. The chancel has a modern east window of 15th- century design in place of the original window, of which only the internal jambs remain. These are shafted, like those of the remaining original windows of the chancel, which are six in number, three on the north and three onthe south. All these are traceried and have moulded labels. The seven windows are linked together by a moulded string-course. Those on the north have, as already noted, high external sills to clear the roof of the vestry, which was part of the 14th-century structure. The sill of the south- east window is carried low down, with its jamb shafting, to form the two easternmost of the three seats of the sedilia, whose third seat is formed by a niche in the wall. A large piscina, ranged with the windows and immediately to the east of the sedilia,

SSS Seis: es,

Site of ‘ 7 Vestry. epee a “i; Y,

circa 1300. 14'*Century.

ps mid 15" Century.

" late IS**Century. 18Cenlury & modem.

so

Pian or Anstey Cuurcu

represented by the central tower and about two- thirds of the nave. The original chancel and north and south transepts were superseded at the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th, when the present chancel and transepts were built outside them. The destroyed north vestry was built at the same time, as is shown by the fact that the original 14th-century windows on the north side of the chancel have high external sills to clear the roof of the vestry. The carved stalls of the chancel are an unusually early example of woodwork, being con- temporary with the chancel itself. The nave was increased to its present length about the middle of the 14th century, and the arcades and aisles were added, and the clearstory pierced with three quatre- foil openings on either side. In the following century the aisle walls were heightened and new windows were inserted. At the same time the arches leading from the aisles to the transepts were altered and the top stage of the tower was added. The 34 Cussans, loc. cit.

is of the same date and has a double drain and a stone shelf. The original splayed door on the north side, with a hood mould and figure corbels, leads to the vestry, and another door on the south side, also of the same date as the rest of the chancel, leads to the churchyard. At the north-west and south-west are squints looking into the two transepts. There are twelve stalls of the early 14th century with plain ends, except one, which is moulded and crocketed. Of the seven carved misericordes three are certainly original, two of the 17th century and two of uncertain date. ‘The stall-fronts have a rusti- cated arcade in low relief of 17th-century work. On the outside of the chancel at the north-east is a wide and low trefoil-headed niche of the same date as the fabric.

The chancel arch is the easternmost of the four semicircular arches which support the tower. It has the same heavy ringed roll-moulding, jambs with shafts similarly ringed, and simple capitals as the corresponding western arch, while those to north and

15

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

south are plain. The square formed by their piers is much out of the true, which probably caused the inclination of the chancel to the south and of the south transept to the east. In the second stage of the tower are visible small pointed doorways on the north and south which originally led to rooms over the transepts. Over the eastern arch the high pitch of the 12th-century roof can be traced. The ceiling of the ground stage of the tower is of the 15th century, with moulded beams and wall-plates.

The north transept had originally a north door, which is now blocked up, and a window was inserted over its remains in the late 15th century, probably at the time when the south porch was built and the north doors disused. The original window of three lights in the west wall has been partly blocked and the rear arch altered. A 1§th-century moulded arch opens into the aisle. An early 17th-century com- munion table stands in this transept, and a modern screen contains remnants of a screen of the 15th century. A small piscina at the south-east is of the 14th century. In this transept, as in the south transept, the floor-level of the rooms into which the doors in the first stage of the tower opened is plainly visible. The room over the south transept was also approached by a circular turret stair on the south- west lighted by a cross loop.

The west window of the south transept, a single pointed light, is the only original window remaining. The triple lancet windows on the east and south are restored, and a modern double lancet has been inserted over the south window. A 15th-century arch corresponding to that in the north transept leads to the south aisle. A small image bracket of the 15th century stands at the north-east of the transept.

The nave is of four bays, and has moulded drop arches supported on columns of four clustered shafts with plainly moulded capitals and bases. The clear- story lights are quatrefoils, three on each side, pierced through the 12th-century wall at the same time that the arcades were inserted and the aisles built. Above them runs a heavy string-course. The tracery of the 14th-century west window was altered in the 15th century to the prevailing style. The west door, which is rather wide, is of the 14th century, original to the westward extension of the nave. It has moulded jambs and head.

The north aisle had originally a north door, which is now blocked up, though the jambs and mouldings remain. Its two-light windows are of the 15th century, two on the north and one at the west end. Fragments of white and gold 1 sth-century glass from the west window are now kept in the vestry. The roof is of the 15th century, with moulded principals. The windows of the south aisle corre- spond to those of the north, but the south doorway is of later date, belonging to the late 15th century, when the south porch was built.

The 12th-century tower is considerably altered in exterior character. The two lower stages are of the original date, but the bell-chamber has 1 5th-century

two-light windows with tracery, and the third sta, with its battlements, was added in the same peri The small slated needle spire is late. On all fo sides the high-pitched 14th-century roof can traced.

The south porch is of the late 15th century, wi two-light windows on the east and west. T interior walls are ornamented with cusped panellin It has an embattled parapet, and the entrance is four-centred arch, moulded and shafted.

The font dates from the building of the rat century church, and is of a curious type, square wi rounded corners and decorated with figures of tw tailed mermen holding up cloths.*®

The monuments are few. There is the indent a large cross with a marginal inscription in the nor transept, probably of the 15th century. In the sou transept, on the south side, stands a tomb with traceried canopy, now much defaced, and the effigy an unknown civilian in a long robe, of the early 141 century. The north aisle contains a small mur monument to Ralph Jermin, dated 1646, and in tl chancel floor is a slab of Benedict Beaucock | Parlebiens, 1635.

Two chests are in the church, one—iron-boun and once covered with skin—is probably mediaeval the other, which is plain, is perhaps as old as th 13th century. An embroidered purple velvet alta: frontal, dated 1637, is preserved at the rectory together with an early glass bottle containing trace of human blood, which was dug up near the chanc and is probably a reliquary.

Of the six bells in the tower the first is date 1700, the second and third are of the 18th century 1778 and 1764 respectively, the fourth and fifth ar both dated 1616, and the sixth, which has th inscription ‘Sancte Georgie ora pro nobis’ wit Tudor roses, is probably of the 16th century.

There is no communion plate of a date earlie than the 18th century.

The registers before 1812 are as follows: (i baptisms, burials and marriages 1540 to 1700 (ii) baptisms and burials 1678 to 1792, marriage 1678 to 1753, and also briefs from 1649; (iii baptisms and burials 1792 to 1812; (iv) marriage 1754 to 17923 (v) marriages 1793 to 1812.

In the Domesday Survey there i ADVOWSON mention of a priest in Anstey.26 I 1291 Anstey Church was of th annual value of £10.27 In the same year the pop granted dispensation to the rector to hold this benefic together with another.*® The advowson was held b Denise wife of Hugh de Vere 29 and by her successors lords of Anstey Manor.30 Further benefices wer provided to the rectors by the pope in 1330 %1 an 1342,°% and in 136333 at the instance of Lad. Pembroke. At the time of the Dissolution th rectory was of the clear annual value of {21 1 35. 44.3 The advowson was sold by Sir Roland Lytton to th master and fellows of Christ’s College, Cambridge who first presented in 1694 °° and are still patrons.

% A similar font is in St. Peter’s Church, Cambridge. The Rev. F. R. Williams states that there is a ledge partly destroyed on the east side of the font, now hidden.

°6 VCH. Herts. i, 3214.

77 Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.), 18,

% Cal. Papal Letters, i, 528.

* Chan. Ing. p.m. Edw. I, file 345 no. 7. %° Ibid. 3 Hen. V, no. 45; (Ser. 2), cxi, 82 5 cccxix, 200 ; ccccxcy, 853 Cal. Pat. 1413-16, p. 350; Recov. R. Mich. 15 Jas. I, rot. 111 3 Feet of F. Div. Co.

16

Mich. 1651; Herts. East. 1666 ; Ins! Bks. (P.R.O.).

51 Cal. Papal Letters, ii, 328.

52 Thid. iii, 56. 88 Cal, Papal Pet, 410

4 Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com,), i, 453.

8° Cussans, op. cit. Edqwinstree Hunt 62; Inst. Bks. (P.R.O.).

=| re) 2) a < = Oo w o mB 8 12) 4 2 x Oo cal ra) be n Zz <q

: Tue CHaNnceL

AsPENDEN CHURCH

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

In 1493 Roger Moos desired in his will to be buried in Anstey Church before the image of St. Stephen, and made a bequest to St. Stephen’s altar there,** which was probably situated in either the north or south transept. Henry Gynne in 1539 made a bequest to St. Stephen’s gild in this church.*7

At the time of the dissolution of gilds and chantries the church received a rent of 6s. 8¢. from a tene- ment in Barkway, given by William Mores for the keeping of his obit.38

At the same date rents of 6¢., 14d. and 12d. were due for the finding of a light in the church, for the maintenance of three lamps, and for that of the lamps in general.®9

In 1663 the Rev. Edward

CHARITIES Younge, D.D., Dean of the cathedral church of St. Peter, Exeter, by his

will directed (among other things) that an annuity of 40s. should be secured for the poor of this parish.

ASPENDEN wits WAKELEY

The annuity is paid out of a field called Hadley Field belonging to Baron Dimsdale in the parish of Barkway and is distributed among the poor at Christ- mas time.

In 1818 John Stallibrass of Barkway by his will directed his executors to invest a sufficient sum of money to produce the clear sum of {10 a year, of which £5 a year should be applied for the benefit of the poor of this parish and £5 a year for the poos of Barkway. The legacy for this parish is repre- sented by £166 135. 4d. consols with the official trustees, producing (4 35. 4d. yearly.

It is stated in the Parliamentary returns of 1786 that Arthur Ginn by his will dated in 1705 devised a rent-charge of 6s. 8d. for the poor, issuing out of 2 farm called Purvis in this parish ; also that an annuity of ros. out of an estate in Anstey and Barkway was given by a donor unknown. This charity has not been paid for many years. The distribution to the poor was formerly made in coals,

ASPENDEN alas ASPEDEN with WAKELEY

Absesdene (xi cent.); Aspehal, Alpsedene, Absedon, Apsdene (xiii cent.) ; Aspiden, Appeden, Aspdene (xiv cent.) ; Aspenhalle (xv cent.) ; Aspesden (xvi cent.).

The parish of Aspenden contains 1,711 acres, more than half of which consists of arable land and about one-third of permanent grass.!_ The country is very bare of woodland. The soil is clay ; wheat, barley, beans, oats and peas form the principal crops. The surface level is for the most part about 400 ft. above ordnance datum, but rises to 475 ft. in the north-west and drops to 288 ft. in the valley of the stream called the Bourne, which rises in the south- west of the parish and flows into the Rib. There is a water-mill on the Rib in the east of the parish. The windmill which gave its name to Windmill Hill fell into ruins before the end of last century.?

There are several greens in the parish. Berkesden Green lies on the south-west, Scott’s Green on the east and Howe Green? on the north. The village green itself is part of the common field called Rea Mead* (Remade, xiv cent.). Other place-names occurring in the parish are Perrydon or Parrington (Piridone, xiv cent.),° Russewell Made and Russe- broc,® Sneleswelle,? Chapmanstrat ® and Chapmannes Grene® and Monemade Feld.

The hamlet of Wakeley, with the site of the church of St. Giles, lies about a mile to the south- west of Aspenden village. Wakeley was an extra- parochial liberty usually included with Aspenden until added to Westmill by Local Government Board Order in 1883.

Ermine Street forms part of the eastern boundary of Aspenden, and the market town of Buntingford, which is on this road, lies partly within the parish.

36 P.C.C. Wills, 26 Doggett.

37 Ibid. 18 Crumwell,

38 Chant. Cert. 27, no. 30.

8 Tbid. no. 37.

1 Statistics from Bd. of Agric. (1905).

2 See Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 35735 East Herts. Arch. Soc. Trans. iii, 104.

5 This name occurs in the 16th century (Herts. Gen. and Antiq. i, 336).

5 Ibid. A 5223.

Odsey Hund. 7 Ibid. A 1123.

9 Ibid. A 5254.

4 17

4Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 52233 cf. Refeld mentioned in ibid. A 1112.

6 Ibid. A 5215, 1006; cf. Rushden,

8 Ibid. A 5252, 5253.

11 The present road branches off at

At Buntingford a road branches west from Ermine Street!! and for some distance forms the boundary line between Aspenden and Throcking, leading finally to the market town of Biggleswade.

The village of Aspenden is situated a little to the west of Ermine Street, along the valley of the Bourne. The church of St. Mary and manor-house of Aspenden Hall lie close together on the north side of the village street. Aspenden Hall is a modern mansion of brick covered with cement. The old Hall was pulled down about 1850 and the late 17th- century oak panelling refixed in the hall of the present mansion. Chauncy gives a picture of the old Hall built by William and Ralph Freeman at the beginning of the 17th century. When it was being demolished many carved stones were discovered, from which it was supposed that it was built out of the ruins of Wakeley or Berkesden Church. The Hall was used as a school at the beginning of the 19th century. Among those who were educated there during the eleven years of the school’s existence were Thomas Babington, who became Lord Macaulay,!? William Wilberforce, the eldest son of Bishop Wilberforce, and Henry Malden, who was afterwards Professor of Greek at University College.4

The rectory which stands a short distance to the south of the church is a timber-framed_ building covered with plaster ; the front upper story projects. The ceiling of the dining room has moulded oak beams and joists with splayed and stopped arrises, probably of late 16th-century date. ‘The house has been much modernized. About forty years ago there was discovered in one of the walls a double recess, trefoil-headed, resembling a piscina. The village school stands to the east of the church. On the same

Buntingford, but evidently the older line of road followed the course of the foot- path which branches off a little further north and is coincident with the line of the parish boundary which joins the present road in Thistley Vale.

12 Dict. Nat. Biog.

13 Cussans, op. cit. Edwinstree Hund. 96. M Dict. Nat. Biog.

3

10 Tbid. A 716.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

side of the road further east is a 17th-century timber and plaster cottage with overhanging story.

Seth Ward, successively Bishop of Exeter and Salisbury, was born at Aspenden in 1617, and re- sided for some time at Aspenden Hall as tutor to the sons of Ralph Freeman. After he had obtained preferment he showed his attachment to his native place by building almshouses at Buntingford in 1684, three years before his death.”

Henry Pepys, D.D., Bishop of Worcester (1783- 1860), was rector of Aspenden from 1818 tol 827."

The manor of ASPENDEN alias

MANORS ASPENDEN HALL was held in the reign of Edward the Confessor by Aldred,

the king’s thegn. After the Norman Conquest it became part of the possessions of Eudo Dapifer, son of Hubert de Ryes, and was held of him by Richard de Sackville.” Eudo died without issue in 1120, and the overlordship probably passed through his sister

to Nicholas de Anstey,” whose only child and heiress Denise took them in marriage to Warine de Mon- chensey.”

By the beginning of the 13th century a subfeoffment of the manor had been made to the family of Tany.™ Peter de Tany, who was Sheriff of Essex and Herts. in 1236,” died before 1255, and his lands descended to his son Richard de Tany,”° who died in 1270,” then to the latter’s son Sir Richard de Tany,” who died about 1295.” Roger de Tany, son of Sir Richard,” who died in 1301, left a son Lawrence, aged two, as his heir! Lawrence de Tany died without issue in 1317 and Aspenden passed to his sister Margaret.”

After this date there

Tany. sable,

Or six eagles

is no further trace of the Tany family holding any rights in Aspenden. Their tenancy was already amesne onein 1255, when the manor was held as a knight’s fee ot Richard de Tany by Ralph Fitz Ralph, whose father Ralph son of Fulk had held land in Aspenden.*

Ralph Fitz Ralph apparently forfeited his lands, for his wife = Maud received a grant of certain of them, including 60 acres in Aspenden, in 1266.% By 1303

odie _

AspenpeN Hartt: Garpen Front

Albreda to the Valognes family and thence to the Fitz Walters."

Richard de Sackville, who was tenant of this manor in 1086,'? was succeeded by William de Sackville,” who was probably his son. On the death of William his lands descended to his nephew Richard de Anstey.”! By 1224 the Anstey lands in Aspenden had descended

13 See Dict. Nat. Biog.; East Herts.

Aspenden had de- scended to Ralph’s son William Fitz Ralph.) In 1317” and 1324 the manor is returned as held by William Fitz Ralph, and in 1340 his son William Fitz Ralph settled it on himself and his wife Sybil. This William died before 1356, when his heirs were his daughters Margaret and Sybil, who were minors.” The manor of Aspenden, however, descended to a William Fitz Ralph, who in 1383 granted all his

Arch, Soc. Trans. iii, 220. A fuller notice of Seth Ward is given under Bun- tingford.

16 Dict. Nat. Brog.

VW V.C.H. Herts. i, 3294.

18 See Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 270. It is possible that Robert Fitz Walter held this fee during the minority of the heir by grant of the king, as he arparently did Anstey; but, on the other hand, the overlordship of Little Anstey, which seems to have been origi- nally part of the lordship of Aspenden, is several times returned as vested in the Fitz Walters.

'9 [°C.H. Herts. loc. cit.

20 V.C.H. Essex, i, 379+

M1 Ibid. ; Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria (Roxburghe Club), i, 163-5.

22 Fine R. 8 Hen. III, m. 5.

3 See Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 144. For pedigree of the Anstey family see the manor of Anstey.

*4 See Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 144. The overlordship descended with the manor of Anstey.

25 P.R.O. List of Sheriff, 43.

© See Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 144.

7 Cal. Ing. p.m. Hen. III, 248.

® De Banco R. 44, m. 223 Assize R. 325.

2 Chan. Ing. p.m. 24 Edw. I, no. 14.

18

This inquisition does not give the date of Richard’s death, but he was living as late as 1295. See Inq. a.q.d. file 25, no. 13.

380 Chan. Inq. p.m. 24 Edw. I, no. 14.

31 Tbid. 29 Edw. I, no. 38. See Feud. Aids, ii, 431.

32 Cal. Ing. p.m. 10-20 Edw. II, 69.

88 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 144.

34 See Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 7510.

35 Cal. Pat. 1258-66, p. 526.

36 Feud. Aids, ii, 431.

¥ Cal. Ing. p.m. 10-20 Edw. I, 69.

38 Thid. 332.

% Feet of F. Herts. 14 Edw. HL no. 210.

*° Cartae Antiquae of Lord Willoughb de Broke (ed. J. Ean Bia ii, 7 :

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

right in it to his son William,’ who died before 1426, when his heirs, John Hughessen of Ashwell and Elizabeth wife of John Clerke, senior, of Ardeley, conveyed all their right to John Clerke, citizen of London, and Thomas Clerke, clerk.“ In January 1450-1 the manor was held by Thomas Smyth, Joan Wendy and Thomas Pilche, who sold it in that year to Ralph Jocelyn, citizen and draper of London, and Philippa his wife." Ralph was son of Geoffrey Jocelyn of Sawbridge- worth. In 1464 and 1477 he was Lord Mayor of Lon- don, and in 1465 was made a knight of the Bath. On the death of his wife Philippa and sable with four he married Elizabeth daughter —Aacwhs’ bells or attached of William Barley. He left — thereto. no issue at his death in 14.78.” The manor of Aspenden had been settled on his wife Elizabeth,“® who married as her second husband Sir Robert Clifford, a prominent supporter of the Perkin Warbeck conspiracy, who afterwards obtained his pardon and a substantial reward by betraying the names of his fellow-conspirators. He died in 1508” and his widow Dame Elizabeth Clifford about 1526." In 1527 their son Thomas Clifford conveyed the manor to trustees for Agnes Marsh, widow of Thomas Marsh, citizen and mercer of London,” who died seised in 1528, when Aspenden descended to her son William Byrche.**

In 1537 the manor was held by Edward Viscount Beauchamp, afterwards Duke of Somerset and Pro- tector, and Anne his wife, daughter of Sir Edward Stanhope, in her right, and they conveyed it to Thomas Pope, treasurer of the Court of Augmenta- tions.* This may have been in trust for Thomas Lord Audley, for he held at his death in 1544. It then apparently came to the king, who mort- gaged it to John Clerke and others. It was re- deemed shortly afterwards, and in 1549 it was granted on a sixty years’ lease to John Philpot, groom of the king’s privy chamber.” In 1553 John Philpot ob- tained entire possession of the manor, and in March 1579-80 he granted the reversion of it after his death to Henry Sadleir and Dorothy his wife.” Dorothy probably died before 1604, for in that year Henry Sadleir with his wife Ursula conveyed the

Jocetryn. sure a twisted wreath of argent

41 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), B 154.

42 See Close, 6 Hen. VI, m. 14.

43 Tbid.

44 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), B 157.

4 Stowe, Survey of London (ed. J.

. 166 (56).

aq

4 Feet of F. Herts. East. 29 Hen. VIII. 55 See L. and P. Hen, VII, xix (2),

56 Thid. (1), 891 (iv). 57 Acts of P.C. 1547-50, p. 389.

ASPENDEN wit WAKELEY

manor to Thomas Crouch and George Freeman,” apparently in trust for William and Ralph Freeman, who married the two daughters of John Crouch,” and to whom in 1607 Henry and Ursula confirmed all their rights in the manor, with remainder to the heirs of William.” William and Ralph were merchants of Lon- don and lived together at Aspenden Hall.® Ralph Free- man, who was Lord Mayor of London, died in 1634. In 1623 William died and his son Ralph succeeded him.™ He held the manor® until his death in 1665, retiring from all public life during the Civil War.® His son and heir Ralph was a justice of the peace and deputy lieutenant of the county.” During his tenure of the manor he cased Aspenden Hall in brick.” He died in 1714 and was succeeded by his son Ralph,” M.P. for the county in 1722, who died in 1742.” He left three sons, William, Catesby, who died unmarried the same year as his father, and Ralph Freeman, D.D.” William died in 1749, when the manor passed to Dr. Ralph Freeman,” who had been presented to the rectory of Aspenden in 1743.4 At his death in 1772 he left no issue and Aspenden passed by the terms of his will to Philip Yorke, the son of the Hon. Charles Yorke and Catherine the only daughter and heiress of Ralph’s brother William Freeman.”

Philip Yorke sold the manor in 1785 to John Boldero,” who already held Aspenden Hall.” John Boldero died in 1789.” His son Charles Boldero left no issue, and Aspenden passed to his nephew Sir Henry Lush- ington, bart., son of Hester Boldero, who had died in 1830.” Sir Henry was suc- ceeded in 1863 by his son Sir Henry Lushington, bart.,®

Freeman of Aspen- den. Assure three lozenges argent.

LusHincTon. Or a fesse wavy between three lions’ heads razed vert who died in 1897. His son with three ermine tails

or on the fesse.

Sir Henry Lushington only survived hima year, and Aspen- den then descended to Maj. Sir Arthur Patrick Douglas Lushington, bart.," the present lord of the manor.

69 Chauncy, loc. cit.

7 Clutterbuck, Hist. and <Antig. of Herts. iii, 348.

71 Cussans, op. cit. Braughing Hund. 196 ;M.I. Ralph Freeman’s name appears

Strype), v, 122.

46 Shaw, Knights of England, i, 134 3 see Holinshed, Chron. of Engl. ii, 690, 702 for further facts about him.

47 Visit. of Essex (Harl. Soc.), 228 ; Chan. Ing. p.m. 18 Edw. IV, no 28.

48 Chan. Inq. p.m. 18 Edw. IV, no. 28.

49 Visit. of Essex (Harl. Soc.), 228.

50M. I. in church.

51 Her will was proved in 1526. See P.C.C. 9 Porch.

53 See Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 19 Hen. VIII; Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), li, 29; Ct. R. (Gen, Ser.), portf. 176, no. 126,

53 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), li, 29.

58 Ibid. 1552-4, p. 287; Pat. 7 Edw. VI, pt. xi, m. 29.

59 Pat. 22 Eliz. pt. ix, m. 24.3; Feet of F. Herts. East. 22 Eliz.

6 Feet of F. Herts, East. 2 Jas. I.

6M. 1.

62 Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 5 Jas. I.

6 Chauncy, Hist. Antiq. of Herts, 122.

54 Thid.

6 See Feet of F. Div. Co. Hil. 13 & 14 Chas. II.

66 Chauncy, loc. cit.

87 Tbid.

68 See Feet of F. Div. Co. Trin. 28 Chas. IT; Hil. 11 Will. III.

19

in the Inst. Bks. (P.R.O.) as presenting to the rectory in 1743, but this must be a mistake for William Freeman his son, 72 Cussans, loc. cit. See Hamells in Braughing Hundred. 78 See Recov. R. East. 23 Geo. II, rot. 323. 74 Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 351. 7 See Close, 25 Geo. III, pt. xxii, no. 8. 76 Ibid. no. 8, 9. 77 Ibid. ; Clutterbuck, loc. cit. 78M. I. in church. 79 G.E.C. Complete Baronetage, v, 267. 80 Thid. 81 Tbid.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

In the time of Edward the Confessor the manor of BERKESDEWN (Berchedene, xi cent. ; Berchen- dena, Barchedene, Berchesdene, Berkedene, xii cent.; Borkeden, xv cent.) was held by Alward, a man of Earl Harold.” After the Norman Conquest it became part of the possessions of Count Eustace of Boulogne,* and remained attached to the honour of Boulogne.™

The earliest tenant in fee of this manor was Robert, who was holding under Count Eustace in 1086.° At this date there was a mill on the manor worth 2s. 8d. Robert appears to be identical with Robert Fitz Rozelin, who held Reed under the count,” and to have been succeeded here as there by the Trikets, who were probably his descendants.* The first of these known to have held the manor of Berkesden was Hugh Triket,* who was living about 1150.°% He was succeeded by Ralph Triket, who had two sons Stephen and Robert.” Stephen, with his mother Armengerda, granted land in Berkesden to the canons of Holy Trinity in exchange for other lands from them to hold in fee.” He died before 1197-8 and was succeeded by his brother Robert, who quitclaimed the land in Berkesden held of Holy Trinity by Stephen Triket, and was received into their ‘ brotherhood.’ He was also granted by the canons a corrody for a servant for life of a loaf, a dish of pottage, and one of meat or fish and two gallons of ale daily, with 35. a year for clothes." By 1212 Berkesden had des- cended to Simon Triket.®

Under the Trikets the manor was held by the Ansteys.° About the middle of the 12th century Hubert de Anstey joined with his son Richard de Anstey in granting it to Gervase de Cornhill,”” who after holding it for a night and a day granted it to the Prior and canons of Holy Trinity or Christ Church, London.*? The manor of Berkesden re- mained with the canons of Holy Trinity until their dissolution in 1531." In 1535 Henry VIII granted the manor to Sir Edward Seymour, afterwards the Protector Somerset, and Anne his wife,' who in the following year conveyed it to Sir Thomas Audley, kt., chancellor of England? This was probably in trust for the king, to whom Audley quitclaimed his right two years later.? It remained with the Crown until 1544, when Henry VIII mortgaged it with other lands to the Mayor and aldermen of London.*

Berkesden afterwards apparently became the property of Sir Andrew Judde, kt., one of the aldermen,* for after his death in 1558° it was held for life by his widow Lady Mary Judde, who was holding as late as January 1584-5.’ In 1565 Richard Judde, a younger son of Sir Andrew Judde,® alienated all right inthe manor to Thomas Smyth and Alice his wife? In 1574 the manor seems to have been in the hands of William Morley and to have been conveyed by him to Edward Halfhide,” who in 1579 sold the Westmill part of the property to John Brograve," and in 1581 sold the manor to Andrew Grey.” On the death of Andrew Grey in 1615 Berkesden descended to his daughtcr Mary wife of Sir Gilbert Kniveton, kt.,% who sold it in 1618 to Sir Stephen Soame, kt., of Thur- low, co. Suffolk."4 At his death in 1619 it apparently de- scended to his younger son Sir Stephen Soame, kt,'® who died seised in 1640, when it descended to his son Peter, aged five and a half years." Peter succeeded his cousin as baronet in 1686.” He died in 1693 or 1694," and his lands and title were inherited by his son Peter, who died in 1709.8 His son Sir Peter Soame, bart.,” sold the manor in 1782 to John Boldero of Aspenden Hall,”! who in 1785 purchased the manor of Aspenden (q.v-). From this date the two manors have de- scended together.

In 1086 a virgate of land in Berkesden was held by Peter and Theobald of Hardwin de Scales, who claimed to have it by an exchange with the Bishop of Bayeux. It was also claimed by Count Alan of Britanny.” It is probable that Hardwin retained possession of this land and attached it to his neigh- bouring manor of Wakeley (q.v.).

In the time of King Edward the Confessor IWWAKELEY (Wackelei, xi cent. ; Wakeleia, xii cent. ; Walkeleya, xiii cent.) was divided into three holdings of 40 acres each, held respectively by Alward, a man of Earl Harold,” Edric,a man of Earl Algar, and by Eddeva the Fair, the last holding only being styled

Soame, baronet. Gules a cheveron between three mallets or.

‘b

82 C,H. Herts. i, 3216.

83 Ibid. “See Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 11967, $4205 Liber Niger Scacc. (ed. T.

Heame), i, 389; Red Ba. of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), i, §02, 581; Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 270, 274.

S I°.C.H. Herts. loc. cit.

86 Ibid. 87 Ibid.

“S$ Dugdale, Mon. vi, 152. See manor of Corneybury in Wyddial.

89 Liber Niger Scacc. (ed. T. Hearne), 1, 389, 390.

7 See Dugdale, loc. cit.

Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 500, 5915.

2 Thid, A ee pe seas

3 Ibid. A 5grs.

" Ibid. A 5889.

° Red BR. of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 5815 Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 274, “See Liber Niger Scace. (ed. Ty Hearne), i, 389, 390.

* Anct. D. (P-R.O.), A 5420,

Ibid. A 11967, 202 The canons

were afterwards said to hold it of the gift of Richard de Anstey (Dugdale, Mon. vi, 153). The Ansteys appear as mesne lords as late as 1303 (Red Bk. of Exch. [Rolls Ser.], ii, 5815; Testa de Nevill as Com.], 270, 2743; Feud. Aids, ii, 439).

“See Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.), 51b; Feud. Aids, ii, 432, 446, 4533 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 1071.

109 Dugdale, Mon. vi, 150.

11. and P. Hen. PIII, viii, g. 481 (13).

? Feet of F, Herts. Trin. 28 Hen. VIII.

3 D. of Purchase and Exchange, box E, no. 5,m. 6, Audley was apparently only a go-between, for the king is said to have purchased the manor of Sir Thomas [Edward ?] Seymour (L. and P. Hen, VITl, xix [2], g. 166 [51]).

Land P. Hen. VIII, xix (1), 8913 (2), @. 166 (51).

$ told.

§ See Chan, Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cxvi, gi. Berkesden is not mentioned in this inquisition,

20

7 See ibid. ccvii, 70.

8 See ibid. cxvi, gt.

5 Pat. 7 Eliz. pt. vi; Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 8 Eliz,

10 Recov. R. Trin. 1574, rot. 759.

1 Pat. 21 Eliz. pt. vi, m. 29.

1 Close, 23 Eliz. pt. vii ; ibid. pt. xxiii ; see Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxlvii, 75.

13 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), ccexlvii, 75.

M4 Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 16 Jas. 1; see Chan. Proc, (Ser. 2), bdle. 324, no. 34.

5 G.E.C. Complete Baronetage, 8.v. Soame, iv, 136.

© Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccexciv, 128 ; see Feet of F. Div. Co. Hil. 1655 ; Recov. R. Hil. 1655, rot. 106.

1 G.E.C, loc. cit.

18 Ibid,

19 Thid.

9 Ibid. ; see Recov. R, Hil. 31 Geo. II, rot. 42.

21 Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antiq. of Herts. iii, 351.

"VCH. Herts. i, 3406.

3 Ibid. 3214, 4 Thid. 3405,

pi cent; holding rd, amu Mand ng 5

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

a manor.*® After the Norman Conquest Alward’s land had passed to Count Eustace of Boulogne, and was held of him by Robert.2° This holding cannot be traced after this time, and it was probably appurtenant to the neighbouring manor of Berkesden (q.v-), which Robert held of the count.

Eddeva the Fair’s lands in Wakeley became part of the possessions of Count Alan of Britanny and were held of him by Ralph.??7 Count Alan held also the manor of Munden,” and the overlordship of the manor of Wakeley appears to have descended with that manor until the end of the 13th century, when it was held by the Furnivals, lords of the manor of Munden, at which suit of court was owed.2® Ralph, the tenant in fee of this holding in 1086, seems to be identical with Ralph Pinel the predecessor of the Lanvalleys,*° for in 1194 his lands in Wakeley had descended to William de Lanvalley.*! The Lanvalleys appear to have subenfeoffed their lands to the Fitz Ralphs before this date,3? and these lands probably were amalgamated with the Fitz Ralphs’ other holding in Wakeley. This was the fee which in Saxon times was held by Edric. In 1086 it formed part of the possessions of Hardwin de Scales, and was held of him by 'Theobald,33 ancestor of the Fitz Ralphs. At the beginning of the 13th century Hardwin’s des- cendants were holding in service in Wakeley,** but after this there is no further record of their tenure here. Theobald, who was holding the manor of Hardwin in 1086, appears to have had a son Fulk, who was succeeded by his son Theobald.?° He was holding the manor of Wakeley with his wife Amphyllis in 1194 with reversion to his son Fulk and Eleanor his wife.36 In 1277 Ralph Fitz Ralph of Broadfield (grandson of Fulk) was lord of Wakeley, but by this time a tenant had been subenfeoffed.*”

Ralph Muschet was holding the manor of Wakeley of Ralph Fitz Ralph in 1277.98 His father Richard Muschet had also held land in Wakeley.3? Ralph’s heirs appear to have been Joan wife of Luke de Tany and Sybil wife of John de Montfort, who were holding the advowson in 1308.42 In 1309 Joan and her husband conveyed all their right in the manor to Robert de Kendale and his wife Margaret,*! and in 1311 Robert presented to the church jointly with Ralph Muschet’s widow Joan.*? Robert was granted free warren in his manor of Wakeley in

2% V.C.H. Herts. i, 320. This arrange- ment suggests a sub-division among

For descent of the Fitz Ralphs see the manor of Aspenden.

ASPENDEN wiry WAKELEY

March 1317-18, and in 1320 he received a quit- claim of all right in the manor from Sybil and John de Montfort.44 Robert died in 1330.1° His wife Margaret held the manor for her life,#® and on her death in 134747 it descended to their son Edward de Kendale. He died in January 1372-3 48 and his wife Elizabeth in 1375.49 Her eldest son Edward having died without issue earlier in the same year, Wakeley de- scended to her second son Thomas Kendale, clerk,®° who barcly survived his mother a week, and the manor then passed to his sister Beatrice the wife of Robert Turk.5! Beatrice appears to have died before her husband, who in 1400 died seised of the manor, which de- scended to his only daughter Joan the wife of John Waleys.°? John Waleys died in 1418 8 and Joan in 1420, when her Hertfordshire property, including Wakeley, descended to her four daughters and co- heirs, Beatrice the wife of Reginald Cokayn, Joan the wife of Robert Leventhorp, Agnes Waleys and Joan Waleys.®4

In 1428 Reginald Cokayn and the other heirs (unnamed) were holding Wakeley,®> but the manor ultimately passed to the second daughter Joan, who married secondly Nicholas Morley.*® Joan Morley appears to have died before 1452, but her husband was then still living.” He died apparently before 1454, for in that year Richard Morley presented to the church.68 The manor after- wards came to Robert Morley, the son of Nicholas and Joan.°? He died in 1516; his son Thomas had died before him, and Wakeley descended to his grandson Thomas Morley, a minor. He held the manor until his death in January 1557-8.°! His heir was his son Thomas, but he appears to have

Kenpare. Argenta bend vert and a label gules.

Mortey. Sable a fleur de lis or coming out of a leopard’s head argent.

51 Ibid. no. 95; see Feet of F. Div. Co. 50 Edw. III, no. 146.

brothers ; see ibid. 289.

26 Thid. 3214.

27 Thid. 320.

°8 Ibid. 319.

® Feet of F. Herts. 6 Edw. I, no. 70; see Assize R. 323, m. 1d.3; Chan. Ing. p-m. 49 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 743 see VCH. Herts, iiiy 124.

30 See Morant, Hist. of Essex, i, 440.

31 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 2.

8? Ibid.

33 V.C.H. Herts. i, 34.06.

34 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 98. For pedigree of the Scales see manor of Wyddial.

% Dugdale, Mon. v, 369. See manor of Broadfield, Odsey Hundred, for descent of this family.

386 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), z.

37 Feet of F. Herts. 6 Edw. I, no. 70. For the overlordship of the Fitz Ralph family see Cal. Ing. p.m. 1-9 Edw. IIT, 209 ; Chan. Ing. p.m. 2 Hen. IV, no. 36.

88 Feet of F. Herts. 6 Edw. I, no. 70. 39See Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 5194,

7214.

40 Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antiq. of Herts. ili, 34.9.

41 Feet of F. Herts. 2 Edw. II, no. 28. Edward de Kendale, who presented to the church in 1309 (Clutterbuck, loc. cit.), was probably holding in trust for Robert.

42 Clutterbuck, loc. cit.

43 Cal. Chart, R. 1300-26, p. 379+

44 Feet of F. Herts, 14 Edw. IU, no. 332.

45 Cal. Ing. pm. 1-9 Edw. III, 209.

46 Ibid. ; see Clutterbuck, loc. cit.

47 Chan. Ing. pm. 21 Edw. III, no. 19.

48 [bid. 47 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 20.

49 See ibid. 49 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 74. 50 Ibid.

21

52 Chan. Ing. p.m. 2 Hen. IV, no. 36.

53 Ibid. 6 Hen. V, no. 11.

54 Ibid. 3 Hen. VI, no. 35; see De Banco R. 651 (2 Hen. VI), m. 128.

55 Feud. Aids, ti, 44.6.

56 Suss. Arch. Coll. xx, 60; Visit. of Sussex (Harl. Soc.), 473 Berry, Suss. Gen. 173.

57 See Feet of F. Herts. 31 Hen. VI, no. 161.

58 Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 349. Richard Morley is not mentioned in any of the pedigrees. He appears to be the Richard Morley called in 1470 ‘late of Aspenden, alias late of London’ (Cal. Pat. 1467-77, Pp» 203). ie

59 Suss. Arch. Coll. xx, 603 Visit. of Sussex (Harl. Soc.), 47; Berry, loc. cit.

69 P,C.C. 23 Holder ; Chan, Ing. p.m. Ser. 2), xxxi, 98.

61 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cxxiv, 160.

® Ibid.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

died without issue soon after his father, and Wakeley came to a younger son William Morley. In 1574 William sold the manor to Edward Halfhide,* who with his wife Amy conveyed it to Edward Baesh in 1574-5. In 1577 Edward Baesh and Jane his wife re-conveyed the manor to Halfhide,®® who in 1577-8 sold it to Edward Hyde.” In 1610 John Hyde sold it to William Dodi. By 1623 it had come into the possession of Samuel Bridger and his wife Mary,®? who held in Mary’s right, and they in 1625 sold it to Ralph Freeman, lord of the manor of Aspenden.’°

From this time the manor of Wakeley descended with the manor of Aspenden (q.v.) until 1785, when Philip Yorke sold the manor of Aspenden, but retained Wakeley in his own hands.7! In 1790 Philip Yorke suc- ceeded his uncle as third Earl of Hardwicke.7? He died in 1834 and the manor of Wake- ley descended to his eldest daughter Anne the wife of John Savile third Earl Mex- borough of Lifford.’? She died in 1870, and Wakeley de- scended to her grandson the Hon. John Horace Savile, who succeeded his father as fifth Earl of Mexborough in 1899 “4 and is the present lord of the manor. All manorial rights, however, have long since lapsed, and the estate consists merely of a farm-house and a few cottages.

‘he manor of TANNIS (Tanneys, xv cent. ; ‘Tawnys, xvi cent. ; Tawney, Townis, xvii cent.) was held in 1424 with the manor of Wakeley by the four daughters and co-heirs of Joan Waleys.’5 The name of the manor suggests some connexion with the family of Tany, and it seems probable that it was either composed of lands which they held besides the manor of Aspenden or that it was the part of Wakeley which for a short time was held by Joan and Luke Tany, and that during that time it acquired a separate name. From 1424 it descended with the manor of Wakeley (q.v.) until Hilary 1577-8, when Edward Halfhide, lord of the manors of Tannis and Wakeley, sold Wakeley7® but retained Tannis. Edward Halfhide also acquired the manor of Berkesden, and in 1581 he sold the manors of Berkesden and Tannis to Andrew Grey.”” From this date Tannis has descended with Berkesden (q.v.). No manorial rights now exist. There is a farm-house called Tannis Court to the north-east of Berkesden Green, but the older house stands a quarter of a mile away from it and has the remains of a homestead moat surrounding it. ‘There was a house here in

Savire, Earl of Mex- borough. Argenta bend sable with three owls argent thereon.

1569 when a detailed inventory was taken of all its Fone This inventory was signed by Edward Halfhide,”? who appears to have lived in the house, although he did not acquire the manor of Tannis from the Morleys until perg.fe Evidently Sir Edward Capell, Edward Halfhide’s father-in-law, resided here, for in his will he refers to ‘the hang- ings in my chamber at Tannes commonly called my lady Katherine's chamber.’*! The lady who gave her name to the room was possibly Katherine Morley, mother of ‘Thomas and grandmother of William Morley.“ In 1609 Sir Gilbert Kniveton, son-in- law of Andrew Grey, who afterwards held the manor in right of his wife, was living at Tannis.

In the r§th century there was a manor called HACONS in Aspenden, which seems to have taken its name from a family called Hacon, who were holding land in Aspenden in the 13th century. Walter Hacon appears as witness to a grant of land in Aspenden in 1240~1.83 His daughter Agnes married William son of John de Hodenho. In 1304 Agnes’s daughter and heir Nichola was claiming 14 acres of land in Aspenden of her mother’s in- heritance against William de Poley and his wife Isabel.64 In 1421 the ‘manor called Hacons’ was released by the feoffees of Robert Chelmsford to other feoffees to the use of Richard Kirkby.8 After this date no further record of this manor has been found.

The church of ST. MARY consists of chancel 22 ft. by 16 ft., south chapel 16 ft. Gin. by 16ft., nave 4o ft. by 19 ft., south aisle 37 ft. by 14 ft. 6in., west tower 11 ft. 6in. square and south porch ro ft. by g ft., all internal dimensions. The walls are of flint rubble covered with cement ; the south chapel is of brick, cemented ; the roofs are tiled except over the south aisle, which is leaded.

The nave and chancel were probably erected early in the 12th century, though but little of that date remains; the chancel was altered and _ probably enlarged in the early 13th century ; the south aisle belongs to the middle of the 14th century, and the west tower was built about 1390. In the 15th cen- tury the south chapel was added and the nave walls raised and a new roof put on, and probably the south aisle widened, and about 1500 the south porch was erected by Sir Robert Clifford. In 1622 the south chapel was altered and the arcade next the chancel inserted ; the chancel arch was probably pulled down at this time to allow the arcade to be built. The church was restored in 1873, and has again been recently repaired.

The chancel has an east window of four lights with traceried head, originally of 15th-century work, but most of the stonework is modern. In the north wall is a single lancet of the carly 13th century, widely splayed internally ; the adjoining window is a

CHURCH

82 See Berry, Suss. Gen. 1763 Coll.

63 Thomas is not mentioned in any of the pedigrees of this family. William was the executor of his father’s will. See P.C.C. 34 Chaynay.

61 Recov. R. Trin. 1574, rot. 759.

65 Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 17 Eliz.

66 Ibid. East. 19 Eliz.

67 Ibid. Hil. 20 Eliz.

68 Ibid. Trin. 8 Jas. I.

69 Thid. East. 21 Jas. I.

70 Recov. R. Hil. 1 Chas. I, rot. 101.

71 Close, 25 Geo. ILI, pt. xxii, no. 8, m. 21.

7 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, s.v. Hard- wicke, iv, 165.

73 Tbid. s.v. Mexborough, v, 307.

74 Burke, Peerage (1911).

75 De Banco R. 651, m. 128.

76 Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 20 Eliz.

77 Close, 23 Eliz. pt. vii; ibid. pt. xxiii 5 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxlvii, no. 75.

78 W. Minet, ‘Tannis Court,’ Home Co. Mag. (1904), vi, 194+

79 Ibid.

80 Recov. R. Trin. 1574, rot. 759+

81 Home Co. Mag. loc. cit.

22

Topog. et Gen, iii, 23 Visit. of Sussex (Harl. Soc.), 47. 8 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 108, & De Banco R. 152, m. 49. The Poleys held lands in Aspenden in the 14th century, which in 1363 were divided between the daughters and heirs of John Poley (Anct. D. [P.R.O.], A 999 6720). For John and William Poley as jurors see Ing. Non. (Rec. Com.), 433+ 8 Anct. D. (P.R.O.), D 748.

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

small single light of early 12th-century work. The external arch is formed in flint rubble, but the original head may have been of stone. At the west end of the north wall is a low-side window with cusped ogee arch and roses in the spandrels ; it is probably of early 16th-century date. Under the 13th-century lancet is a wide-arched recess, which may have been used as an Easter sepulchre. The moulded arch is pointed, the crocketed label forming an ogee arch above, with carved finial ; the recess is flanked by pilaster buttresses with crocketed gablets ; the spandrels are traceried and the top embattled. It is of early r5th-century work, but has been restored. In the south wall of the chancel is a 13th-century lancet window, under which is an aumbry, chiefly modern, and part of the basin of a piscina with eight- foiled drain. ‘The arcade between the chancel and the south chapel consists of two circular arches of two splayed orders. The piers are octagonal, and on each face and on the soffit of the arches are sunk panels carved with arabesques. The arms of Freeman, with the date 1622, appear over the arcade on the south side. There is no chancel arch ; the chancel roof is modern.

The east window of the south chapel is of three cinquefoiled lights under a low elliptical head; the south window has two lights with similar detail ; they are probably of 1sth-century date altered in the 17th century. In the north-west angle is the blocked entrance to the rood stair. The chapel is inclosed

ASPENDEN wirn WAKELEY

The south aisle has a window in the south and another in the west wall, each of two cinquefoiled lights under a low segmental head ; they are of late 15th-century date. Under the south window is a small recess with a cinquefoiled arch, probably a piscina. ‘The south doorway is of late 15th-century date, and has a four-centred arch of two moulded orders, the inner order continuous, the outer forming a square head above; the spandrels are traceried. Over the doorway is a quartered shield of Clifford. On the outer face of the south wall is a small plain round-arched recess of brick covered with cement. The roof of the south aisle has moulded timbers of late 15th-century date ; the south door is of oak of 17th-century date.

The south porch has an east and west window, each of two lights with traceried head. The entrance has a moulded two-centred arch under a square head, with moulded spandrels ; the jambs are shafted. In the spandrels are two shields of arms, Clifford impaling Barley, and Jocelyn quartered with Blount and Malpas. The west tower is of three stages with spire, which is

embattled parapet and short leaded

A ee

|

|

Mi3'‘cent

with a 17th-century oak screen,

the lower part of which is close y E

panelled ; the top is pierced with a c1540 G

series of round arches on moulded ZZ. c 1390

balusters. The pews, which are of WV 15 CENT

the same date, are inclosed with E16 CENT 30

[ssenesneess

plain panelled oak, and the doors

[517 CENT

retain their ornamental iron hinges. The roof is divided into panels by moulded timbers, and is of late 15th or early 16th-century date.

In the north wall of the nave are two windows, each having three lights with tracery under a four- centred arch. The tracery differs in the two windows, and has been much restored ; they are both of 15th- century date. In the east jamb of the easternmost window is a niche for an image,* elliptical on plan, and with cusped ogee arch under a square head, the mouldings of which, and probably a canopy above, have been cut away; the spandrels are traceried. The north door, which is blocked, has continuously moulded arch and jambs much restored. The south arcade consists of three bays with pointed arches of three splayed orders, and octagonal piers with moulded capitals and bases; it dates from the middle of the 14th century. Over the arcade are modern dormer clearstory windows. The roof is of early 15th- century date with plain timbers and curved struts.

8 In 1501 John Myles left 16s. 8d. towards painting the image of our Lady and to the painting of the rood 6s. 8d. in Aspenden Church (P.C.C. 16 Moone). In 1505 John Archer left money for making a tabernacle of our Iady in the chancel and for painting of Mary and

37 Holgrave).

John on both sides of the rood (P.C.C. Thomas Goodriche in 1500 left 20s. for the repair of the church and a bequest to an honest priest to sing and pray for his soul and all Christian souls for the space of a year in Aspenden Church on Sundays and holy days and

23

Pian oF AsPpENDEN CHURCH

dated 1721. ‘The tower arch, which is of late 14th- century date, is of two moulded orders; the jambs have semi-octagonal shafts with moulded capitals and bases. In the west wall is a small modern doorway. The west window is almost entirely of modern stonework. ‘The belfry windows are of single lights and have been restored.

The font has an octagonal basin, the north, south, east and west sides of which have traceried panels containing blank shields. It is probably of late 15th-century work, but has been restored.

On the south side of the chapel is an altar-tomb of Purbeck marble, the lower part decorated with square cusped panels placed diagonally, each contain- ing a shield with indents of brasses. Over the tomb is a canopy supported on octagonal fluted shafts, and having frieze and carved cresting and traceried soffit.

in the chapel of St. Mary Magdalene in Buntingford on workdays (P.C.C. 9g Moone). In 1508 Walter Mace left a cow for painting the image of the crucifix (P.C.C. 35 Adeane).

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

At the back of the recess are brass kneeling figures of Sir Robert Clifford, 1508, and his wife Elizabeth, with an inscription underneath. On the knight’s surcoat and on a shield behind him are his arms, Checky or and azure a fesse gules quartering Gules three rings or parted with Sable three crosses formy or, with the difference of a ring, and on the lady’s mantle and on the shield behind her Clifford with its quarterings impaling Barley ; the brasses retain traces of coloured inlay. Two other shields below the figures and one on the canopy have dis- appeared. On the moulded edge of the slab is a brass marginal inscription, ‘Credo quod Redemptor meus vivit et in novissimo die de terra surrecturus sum et in carne mea videbo Deum Salvatorem meum. Tedet animam meam vitae meae.’? On the east wall of the chapel are tablets to Ralph Freeman, 1665, and to Mrs. Elizabeth Freeman, 1634. On the south wall

by Robert Phelps, 1736; the fourth, fifth, sixth and eighth by George Chandler, 1681; the seventh recast in 1871.

The communion plate consists of a cup, 1632, paten and almsdish, 1636, and modern silver paten and flagon.

The registers before 1812 are as follows: (i) all entries 1559 to 1709 ; (ii) baptisms and burials 1707 to 1812, marriages 1707 to 1753; (ill) marriages 1754 to 1812.

In 1237 presentation to the church of Aspenden was made by the Prior and brethren of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England,*” who were holding land in Aspenden in 1217-18.% The donor of the church is unknown. The Hos- pitallers held it until their dissolution,®® but do not seem to have appropriated it. The advowson

ADVOWSON

2 sy al eiesh dy vere ae aes Ai ; 5A; Mt 2) Ee Poe A plate A Pep Se st Fon tea i a ual! id & rep we WM CL rr a os AC Bee caelts [MCPD per Ae PAT ie ae fic AA BS

AsPENDEN CHURCH FROM THE NorTH-gasT

of the aisle is a mural tablet to Sir Ralph Freeman, Lord Mayor of London, who died in 1634, and his brother William Freeman, 1623. On the tablet are two copper busts ; that representing Sir Ralph wears the SS collar of the lord mayor. On the north wall of the nave are brass figures of a civilian and his wife, with imperfect inscription, dated 1500. On the south wall of the chapel on the outside is a tablet to John Ward, 1665, and his wife Martha, 16465 ; it was erected by Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury and founder of the hospital in Buntingford, in memory of his parents. Near the south doorway is an oak alms-box, probably of early 17th-century date.

There are eight bells: the first, second and third

87 See Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antig. of Herts, iiiy 351.

83 Feet of F. Div. Co, 2 Hen. III, no. 3.

59 Clutterbuck, loc. Misc. Bka. vii, fol. 16 % Clutterbuck, loc. 91 Pat. 2 Jas. I, pt. % Clutterbuck, loc.

24

was then held by the Crown™ until 1604, when James I granted it to Sir Roger Aston and John Grimsdich,®! probably in trust for Sir John Bro- grave, kt., who presented to the church in 1607.92 It descended with the Brograves and Freemans (see Hamells in Braughing), and then with the Yorkes and Saviles (see Wakeley) % until recently acquired by Mr. Austin E. Harris.

There was originally a church attached to the manor of Berkesden, the site of which is still visible in the fields north of Berkesden Green. In 1086 a priest is mentioned as a tenant of the manor.%* No record of any presentations remains, and the church is not mentioned in the Taxatio of 1290 or the

cit.; Land Rey. 4+ cit, xix, m. 8. cit.

%® Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxxxv, 8; cccexci, 18 ; Recoy. R. Mich. 1657, rot. 1265; Inst. Bks. (P.R.O.); Close, 25 Geo, ITI, pt. xxii, no. 8.

4 VCH. Herts. i, 3215.

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

Valor of 1535. It was probably served by the canons of Holy Trinity, to whom the manor (q.v.) belonged. It is said that on the division of the manor the church remained attached to that part of the manor which became annexed to Westmill, and that, on account of its ruinous condition, it was pulled .'own by John Brograve.®® The site of the church, however, lies considerably north of Westmill.

The manor of Wakeley had a free chapel of its own, so that it was extra-parochial of Aspenden. The first reference to the church occurs towards the end of the 13th century.°6 In 1291 the church was valued at £4 135. 4¢.,°7 and at the same amount in 1428, but there were then said to be no inhabitants in the parish.°8 The advowson always remained in the hands of the lord of the manor.®? — Richard Morley presented to the church in 1454, but after this no further presentation is recorded. In 1535 the free chapel of St. Giles in Wakeley was valued at £4. It was described in 1547 as being not far from the parish church, and it was stated that the parson had for a long time taken its revenues.? The rectory afterwards descended with the manor (q.v.).

The following charities are regu- CHARITIES lated by a scheme of the Charity Commissioners of 30 November 1877,

as varied by a scheme of 21 July 1908, namely :— 1. The charity of John Boldero, founded by will (date not stated), consisting of a dwelling-house and

BARKWAY

six cottages situate at the Folly in this parish, let on lease for ninety-nine years from 24 June 1860, at £7 4 year.

2. Charity of William Freeman for bread, will, 1623, originally a rent-cnarge of £10 85., now £416 2% per cent. annuities, with the official trustees, producing £10 8s. yearly.

3. Charity of Elizabeth Freeman, founded in 1630, consisting of {£5 a year received from the Haber- dashers’ Company, London.

4. Joan Sanbach, will, 1605, originally a rent- charge of {2, now £80 2} per cent. annuities, with the official trustees, producing {2 a year.

5. The Poor’s Land, consisting of 3 r. 15 p., part of a field known as ‘Twelve Acres,’ let at £1 a year, and an amount of tithe.

The distribution of the income derived from these sources is made in bread and in gifts to the coal and clothing clubs.

For the Free School see article on Schools. The school and its subsidiary endowments are now regu- lated by a scheme of the Board of Education, 5 April 1g10,

"The official trustees hold a sum of £1,460 2} per cent. annuities, as ‘The Educational Foundation,’ producing £36 tos. yearly, comprising the charities of Mary Cator (£320 stock), William Freeman and Ralph Freeman school charity (£370 stock), Ralph Freeman for clothing (£290 stock), and Bishop Seth Ward’s charity for apprenticing (£480 stock).

BARKWAY

Bercheweig, Berchewei (xi cent.) ; Bercweie (xii— xiii cent.) ; Berkwey (xiii cent.).

The parish of Barkway lies on the Hertfordshire chalk hills in the extreme north-east of the county. Its northern boundary is the Icknield Way, which divides Hertfordshire from Cambridgeshire. East of it are the parishes of Barley, co. Herts., and Langley, co. Essex.

The soil in some parts is clay. Out of a total of 5,211 acres, about three-fifths are arable land, rather more than one-fifth is pasture, and there are 555 acres of woodland.! The names of the woods recall the history of the parish. Scales Park is named from the Lords Scaic:, who held a small fee in Barkway in addition to the manor of Newsells? ; Earl’s Wood takes its name from the Earls of Hereford, lords of Nuthampstead ; and Rokey Wood, on the road to Reed, preserves the name of a manor now held with the main estate of Newsells.

The village lies on high ground near the River Quin and forms a single street on the main road from Ware to Cambridge. ‘The church lies to the west of the street, and the house formerly known as Church Farm and now as the Manor House, the residence of Mr. J. W. Sworder, stands close to it on the south. The Manor House was originally an L-shaped build- ing, the main portion running east and west, with a wing projecting southwards, but a wing added in the 1gth century has made the house almost square on plan. It is of two stories with attics. It appears to

% Chauncy, Hist, Antig. of Herts. 119. % Anct. D. (P.R.O.), A 7214.

3” Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.), 425. %8 Feud. Aids, ii, 457.

99 Clutterbuck, op. 100 Thid.

1 Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com.), iv, 278+ 2 Chant. Cert. 20, no. 81.

have been built early in the 17th century of timber framing covered with plaster, part of which remains on the north and west sides, but about the middle of the century most of the external walls were rebuilt in brick. The east end of the main building has a mid-17th-century curvilinear gable, and in each story is a five-light window of brick with cement- covered mullions and square head with moulded label. The lights to the lowest window have four- centred arches ; the large window to the attic story is divided by a transom. The south end of the wing has a hipped roof; the end windows have brick mullions, but they are not placed centrally in the wing. All the roofs are tiled. The modern addition has a gable on the south front to correspond with the old east gable. There are two old chimney stacks, each consisting of a row of detached octagonal brick shafts united at their moulded bases and at their capitals, which are plain oversailing courses star- shaped on plan. The interior of the house has been much modernized, but in some of the rooms is early 17th-century panelling. In an upper room of the south wing is a clunch fireplace with a flat four- centred moulded arch having a square head over deco- rated with billets; in the entrance hall is another stone fireplace with four-centred moulded arch and carved spandrels. Adjoining the house is an early 17th-century barn of nine bays with boarded sides, There are several old tiled and thatched cottages in the High Street of the village, probably dating from

3 V.C.H. Herts. ii, 100. 1 Statistics from Bd. of Agric. (1905). 2 See below.

cit. ili, 349.

4 25 4

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

the late 16th or early 17th century, but they have been considerably modernized. On the east side, opposite the entrance to the manor-house, is a larger building, of timber framing covered with plaster, and with tiled roof; it is probably of early 17th-century date. In the front are three large overhanging gables on carved brackets, under which are wide bay windows of two stories ; the front porch is modern. There is a wide late 17th-century staircase at the back of the house, with heavy moulded and twisted balusters. The central chimney has three plain octagonal shafts. The interior has been much altered. At the north end of the High Street is a Congregational chapel built in 1886. Of an older chapel built about 1786 nothing remains except the graveyard.

The position of the village on the main road gave it some importance. In the 16th and 17th cen- turies it was accounted an intermediate stage between

Ware and Witchford Bridge or Cambridge and

A second fair was held at Nuthampstead on Thursday before 24 June (St. John Baptist) and the three following days.!! The market is extinct,!? and the fairs were abolished in 1883./8 The Gild Hall or Town House, devoted to the maintenance of an anni- versary in the church, was purchased by Sir Robert Chester after the dissolution of chantries.'4

Newsells Park, the seat of Mr. F. W. Woodhouse, J.P., is situated about a mile north of the village. The house was probably built towards the end of the 17th century by William or Thomas Newland, but has later additions. ‘The older part consists of a rectangular building with wings projecting south- wards; about the middle of the 18th century an addition was made on the east side, and in recent times the space between the wings was inclosed to form a hall one story in height. The house is of three stories; the walls are of brick with moulded stone cornice with brackets at the eaves ; the roofs are

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ScutH Eno or Main Street, Barkway

Hunsdon.’ There is record of several 15th and 16th-century inns, the ‘ Swan,’ the ‘G-orge’ and the * Antelope.’ ®

The market-house was demolished and rebuilt as a school-house or market-house about 1638.7 A market-place existed early in the 13th century,® and a Tuesday market was granted to the lord of Newsells in 1270.9 At the same time was granted a yearly fair to be held for eight days beginning on the vigil of the feast of St. Mary Magdalene (i.e. 21 July).

slated and are hipped at the ends of the wings. On the east side of the house is an addition of about the middle of the 18th century in the Adam style, the front wall forming a flat ellipse on plan. In the billiard room in the west wing is some late 17th- century panelling. In the dining room at the back, which is a lofty room carried up two stories with an enriched coved plaster ceiling, are some carved wood festoons of fruit and flowers in the style of Grinling Gibbons. Most of the principal rooms have carved

5 Sess. R. (Herts. Co. Rec.), ii, 156.

‘In the 14th century the road was evidently unsafe. John de Lancaster, lord of Rokey Manor, was among the men charged with robbing the Earl of Pembroke at Barkway by night in 1347 (Cal. Pat. 1345-8, p. 307), and the servants of Queen Isabella were attacked at Barkway shortly afterwards (ibid. 1348-50, p. 243).

5 LT. and P. Hen. VII, xvi, 6 ix); Cal. 8. P. Dom. 1644-5, By 170. mes

® Chan, Ing. p.m. 28 Hen. VI, no. 21 ; Feet of F. Herts. Trin. 2 Edw. VI ; East. 6 Edw. VI; East. 1 Eliz.; Star Chamb. Proc. Phil, and Mary, bdle. 6, no. 3; Early Chan. Proc, bdle. 278, no. 42.

7 VCH. Herts, ii, 102.

® Cart, Mon, S. Johannis de Colecestria

26

(Roxburghe Club), 630, in a charter as 3 between 1195 and 1238. Cal. Chart. R. 1257-1300, p. 146. io Whi, 57-1300, p. 14 " Lond. Gaz. 27 A 88 is pr. 1883, p. 2242.

17 It probably lost its importance with the growth of the town of Royston.

18 Lond. Gaz. loc. cit.

M Pat. 7 Edw. VI, pt. iii, m. 25.

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

chimney-pieces of marble or wood, and all the wood- work of shutters and panelling has carved and enriched mouldings. In the library on the east side the chimney-piece and ceiling are enriched after the Adam style. A rain-water head at the back bears the date 1739. Newsells Bury adjoins Newsells Park ; it is a very plain brick building, probably of late 17th-century date,

Nuthampstead is a separate civil parish, but is included in the ecclesiastical parish of Barkway. At Nuthampstead in the house of Roger Nuers, son of Ralph Nuers, lord of the manor, a private chapel was founded in r141-51.!5 The chaplain presented by Roger was to take an oath to the incumbent of Barkway not to encroach upon the rights of the mother church of Barkway.!® Before 1154 Ralph Nuers gave to Colchester Abbey all right in Nut- hampstead chapel.!7 It was still existing in 1539 when the farmer of the Rectory Manor paid a yearly stipend to the chaplain celebrating ‘in the church of Nuthampstead.’!8 It was excepted from the grant of the Rectory Manor to William Gery ! and seems to have fallen into decay. At Nuthampstead in 1617 was a capital messuage called ‘Cayles.’2° At Parsonage Farm is a homestead moat now almost levelled.

Arable fields slope away northwards and west- wards towards the Icknield Way and the town of Royston, part of which lay in Barkway parish until 1540.21 The common lands were inclosed about 1808.72 East of the village in and beyond the valley of the Quin lie the woods and pastures of Great Cockenach and Nuthampstead. Beyond these on the Essex border are Scales Park and Little Cockenach. There was a chantry chapel of St. Gunwal at Little Cockenach in the 12th century. Near Little Cockenach are brickworks, and chalk has been dug at Nuthampstead and in the west of the parish near the border of Reed.

At Periwinkle Hill, opposite Rokey Wood, is a moated mound with two small baileys, rapidly becoming level through constant ploughing.4 Near Rokey was a windmill, now turned into a cottage. This was probably Rokey Mill, which was standing, though much dilapidated, in 1595.78 Another mill (now also turned into a cottage) stood on the other side of the road. No mill is mentioned in the Survey of 1086, but a mill at Cockenach was in the custody of the lord of Newsells about 1271.26

15 Cart, Mon. S. Johannrs de Colecestria

BARKWAY

The ‘hermitage’ in Barkway, held by Sir Robert Chester at his death,?” may be Royston Hermitage, which lay within this parish.28 Rushingwell Farm, in the valley of the Quin, is evidently on the site of the house called ‘ Rushcenwell’ owned by Sir Henry Prannell, lord of Newsells.22 The tenement called “Knyghtshankines’ about 1330 presumably took its name from Peter Knightshank, a former occupier.%?

NEW SELLS MANOR (Neusela or MANORS Nieweseles, xi—xii cent.®! ; Newesel or Neweseles, xiii cent.) lies to the north of the village on the main road. It was held before the Conquest by a thegn of King Edward’s named Aldred and by two sokemen, one of whom was Aldred’s man and the other Karl Algar’s man. In 1086 Eudo Dapifer held it in demesne.*? Newsells evidently reverted to the Crown after his death in 1120 and was granted by Henry I to Eustace Count of Boulogne.*? The overlordship remained in the honour of Boulogne,*4 the service due being that of three halves of a knight’s fee.*®

Members of the Merk family were the immediate tenants of the manor in the 12th century.*® A Eustace de Merk was witness to the charter of Count Eustace confirming Barkway Church to Colchester Abbey,*” and as others of the same family were else- where tenants of the Counts of Boulogne *8 it appears - possible that he was already tenant of Newsells under thecount. A Sir Eustace de Merk, kt., who was living in the reign of Richard I,3° was styled ‘lord of New- sells’ and founded a chapel at Royston within this lordship.*? He is probably identical with the ‘ Eustace de Oye, son of Henry de Merk,’ living in April 1190. Sir Eustace de Merk, kt., was also styled ‘de Rochester’ #? and was succeeded as tenant (apparently within his own lifetime) by his nephew Ralph de Rochester.48 This Ralph had been preceded by a ‘Baldwin de Rochester,’ 4* presumably the Baldwin de Rochester who witnessed a charter of Henry father of Eustace ‘ de Oye’ # and perhaps a son of the same Henry. In this case Ralph would be son of Baldwin de Rochester. Newsells was the ‘caput’ of the barony which Ralph de Rochester held of the honour of Boulogne.4® Ralph’s son and heir William de Rochester died shortly before 24 October 1249 and was succeeded by his brother Peter de Rochester,*” parson of Rivenhall, co. Essex.48 Shortly before his death Peter took the habit of a Knight ‘Templar.*? On the Saturday before Ascension Day, 1255, as he

41 Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria

(Roxburghe Club), 382.

16 Thid.

WV Thid. 175.

18 Mins. Accts. Hen. VIII, R. 976.

19, and P. Hen. VIII, xix (1), 610 (52).

20 Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), bdle. 325, no. 29.

1 V.C.H. Herts. iii, 253.

22 Under Priv. Act, 41 Geo. III, cap. 98 (not printed). The award is enrolled on Com. Pleas Recoy. R. Trin. 10 Geo. IV, m. 23.

% See below under Little Cockenach. For the name cf. ‘Wynnels Grove’ in Barley.

4 Y.C.H. Herts, ii, 118.

5 Proc. of Ct. of Req. bdle. 33, no. 71.

26 Curia Regis R. 204, m. z.

7 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), clxx, 51.

38 VCH. Herts, iii, 254.

2 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxliii, 168, 30 De Banco R. 281, m. 32d.

31 For the spelling ‘Senseles’ (Harl. MS. 7041, fol. 7) see V.C.H. Herts. iii, 260, n. 75.

39 V.C.H. Herts. i, 3294, 3296.

33 Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria (Roxburghe Club), 47; cf. Round, Peerage and Family Hist. 163.

34 Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 2734, 2746; Chan. Ing. p.m. 46 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 63.

35 Red Bk. of Exch, (Rolls Ser.), 502.

36 See below.

37 Cart, Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria, loc. cit.

38 Round, Peerage and Family Hist. 156-7.

39 Rot. Cur. Regis (Rec. Com.), ii, 219.

4 Harl. MS. 7041, fol. 73 cf. V.C.H. Herts. iii, 260.

27

(Roxburghe Club), 37, 513.

42 See Newberry in Weston, Broad- water Hundred.

43 Harl. MS. 7041, fol. 7; cf. Red Bk. of Exch. 502, 576; Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 2736, 2745.

44 Baldwin ‘de Rouec’ [ Rochester | gave lands in Newsells to Coggeshall Abbey in or before the time of Henry II (Cal. Pat. 1388-92, p. 79).

4 Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria (Roxburghe Club), 36.

46 Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), i, 193. The barony evidently consisted of five and a half fees in Barkway and Newsells, co. Herts., Rivenhall and Lawford, co. Essex, and Eriswell and ‘ Cocclesworth’ (in Eriswell), co. Suffolk.

47 Cal. Ing. p.m. Hen, IIT, 383 Harl. MS. 7041, fol. 75.

48 Chan. Ing. p.m. filerg,no.2. Ibid.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

lay on his death-bed he granted Newsells Manor to his sister Alice widow of Robert de Scales,°° making her swear to provide a chaplain to celebrate for his soul, or in case of his recovery to compensate him from her own lands in Cambridgeshire.*! He died on the Ascension Day following.®? At the outbreak of the Barons’ War Alice Scales was residing at Newsells and was there robbed of goods and chattels worth {£50 by the bailiff of Gilbert Earl of Glou- cester.°2> In 1264 she subenfeoffed her youngest son Roger Scales of Wetherden of the manor *4 ; but in 1270 it was agreed between Roger and Alice that the former’s tenure should be for life only. In the same year Robert son of Roger’s elder brother Robert, heir to the manor under the new settle- ment,°© obtained a grant of a weekly market on Tuesdays and an eight days’ fair beginning on the vigil of the feast of St. Mary Magdalene.*? This Robert was the first Lord Scales and married Isabel Burnell,®* possibly a relative of Robert Burnell, Bishop of Bath and Wells, the chancellor and adviser of Edward I. Roger Scales transferred to the bishop his life interest in Newsells Manor 5? before the end of the year 1271.°°

In 1275 the jurors of Edwinstree Hundred re- turned that the whole barony formerly held by Ralph de Rochester had been alienated since his time, that the ‘caput’ (Newsells) was in the hands of Burnell, and that the heirs of the barony had nothing

whereof they could answer to the king.®! In January 1279- 80 Robert de Weston and his eReees

wife Hawise, who was niece of Peter de Rochester,® re- leased to the bishop all their right and that of Sir Robert Scales in Newsells Manor.® In 1292 Burnell conveyed his interest to Robert Lord Scales and Isabel his wife.*4 Isabel Pata survived her husband and held veal ore the manor for life.°° About 1315 Robert son and heir of Robert and Isabel reserved Newsells in making settle- ment of other estates on his wife Egclina.’ His son Robert third Lord Scales granted a life interest in the manor to Sir Robert Thorp, kt.’ Upon the death of the latter, Newsells reverted to Roger Lord Scales, son of the third baron.®8 He was succeeded

Gules six

by his son Robert fifth Lord Scales, who styled himself ‘lord of Newsells’ in his will dated 10 May 1400.79 His widow Elizabeth, afterwards wife of Sir Henry Percy of Athol, kt.,71 had a life interest in Newsells.7? After her death, 6 January 1439-40, it reverted to Thomas Lord Scales, younger son and ultimate heir of her first husband.’* In the follow- ing September he had protection for his tenants at Newsells during his absence in France,’4 where he distinguished himself as seneschal of Normandy.’ His only daughter and heir Elizabeth married Sir Anthony Wydville (afterwards Earl Rivers), brother- in-law of Edward IV.76

In 1466 Newsells was entailed on Elizabeth Scales and her husband,’” who became Lord Scales in her right.”® She died childless 1 September 1473,79 and Earl Rivers endeavoured to retain in his own family Newsells and her other lands by bequeath- ing them to his brother Sir Edward Wydville.8° The earl was beheaded by the partisans of the Duke of Gloucester, who as Richard III granted Newsells to his kinsman John Duke of Norfolk, at first dur- ing pleasure,*! later in tail- male.? The duke was a descendant of Sir Robert Howard, kt., grandson of Margaret Scales, one of the daughters of Robert third Lord Scales ; but John Vere, thir- teenth Earl of Oxford, who was descended from an elder grandson of the same Mar- garet, was co-heir to the Scales inheritance with William Tyndall, the repre- sentative of Margaret’s sister Elizabeth.83 Oxford had been attainted before the death of Earl Rivers, but was restored in October 1485.84 With Tyndall he received the procceds of Newsells ® after the battle of Bosworth, in which he commanded the supporters of the Earl of Richmond (Henry VII),® and Henry assigned this and other manors to him in a partition of the Scales estate.87 His widow Elizabeth held Newsells in dower.*® His nephew and heir male, John fourteenth Earl of Oxford, died without issue in 1526," and the reversionary right to New- sells contingent upon the death of the Dowager Countess Elizabeth was assigned to the heir male,

Vere. Quarterly gules and or with a molet argent in the quarter,

*° Chan. Ing. p.m. file 19, no. 23 cf. Excerpta e Rot. Fir. (Rec. Com.), ii, 79, 326; Feet of F. Herts. 54 Hen. III, no. 617.

*1 Chan. Ing. p.m. file 19, no. 2; Cal. Pat. 1247-58, p. 437. At the same time he granted Rivenhall Manor to her son Robert (Excerpta e Rot. Fin. [Rec. Com. ], ii, 326).

82 Chan. Ing. p.m. file 19, no. 2.

§3 Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 168.

54 Feet of F. Herts. 48 Hen. III, no. 575; cf. Chester Waters, Chesters <f Chicheley, 254.

5 Feet of F. Herts, no. 617.

56 Ibid. ; cf. Excerpta e Rot. Fin, (Rec. Com.), ii, -0, 326; Chester Waters, loc. cit.

57 Cal. Chart, R, 1257-1300, p. 146.

S Evidence in Scales peerage case

54 Hen. III,

quoted by Chester Waters, Chesters of

Chicheley, 254. She is said to have been

niece of the chancellor (Page, Suff. Traveller, 555).

59 Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), i, 193 ; Assize R. 323, m. id. 465.

6° In 1271 Burnell impleaded Ivo le Messer and others for breaking into Cockenach Mill, of which he had the custody (Curia Regis R. 204, m. z, 22).

61 Hund, R. (Rec. Com.), i, 193.

6 Assize R. 323, m. 1d,

63 Coram Rege R. 51, m. 4d.

64 Feet of F. Herts, 20 Edw. I, no. 281 q cf. Feud, Aids, ii, 431.

®5 Cal. Close, 1302-7, p. 294.

Ing. a.q.d. file 116, no. 153 Feud. Aids, i', 439.

® Chan. Ing. pm, 46 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 63.

© Thid.

6 Close, 19 Ric. II, m. 34.5 Feud. Aids, ii, 444.

9 Nicolas, Test, Verusts, LG T

| G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vii, 72.

28

7? Chan. Inq. p.m. 18 Hen. VI, no. 38. os Ibid, ; cf. G.E.C, loc. cit.

4 Cal. Pat. 1436-41, p. 467.

75 G.E.C. loc. cit. :

76 Ibid.

7 Feet of F. Div. Co. 6 Edw. Iv,

no. 375 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), i, 37.

i G.E.C. loc. cit.

Chan. Ing. p.m. 13 Edw. 1V, no.

© Test. Pak, oo. ii

5! Cal. Pat. 1476-85, Pp. 365.

®2 Ibid. 497.

53 Chester Waters, Chesters of Chicheley, 254-5. 4 Parl. R. vi, 281.

5 Waters, Chesters of Chicheley, 256.

6 G.E.C, Complete Peerage, vi, 168.

87 Waters, loc. cit.; Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), xxviii, 68. His signature exists at the foot of a lease of the tenement called ‘Whelers’ in Barkway, 22 July 1509 (Add. Chart. 16572),

® Ct. of Wards D. box 144, 00, a

89 G.E.C, loc. cit.

BarKway VILLAGE FROM THE SOUTH

Barkway : Orv House

IN Hicu Srreer

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

Tohn fifteenth Earl of Oxford, in March 1531-2.9 Elizabeth died 6 November 1537.9! John son and heir of the last-named earl had livery of Newsells and the other estates of his father in 1540.2 His son Edward, the seventeenth earl, through whose extravagance was dispersed a considerable portion of the Oxford estate, sold Newsells Manor to Henry Prannell, alderman and vintner of London, in 1579."

Prannell bequeathed two-thirds of the manor to his wife Anne with remainder to his son Henry. In 1597 the latter made a settlement in favour of the heirs of his wife Frances daughter of Thomas (Howard) Viscount Bindon, ‘at the importunity of her great friends,’ thus disinheriting his sisters Joan wife of Robert Brooke and Mary wife of John Clarke.9° With Brooke he had recently been in dispute as to the lease of a windmill and meadow called ‘Rookey Meade’ in Barkway.%’ His widow married Edward Earl of Hertford 8 and later Ludovic (Stuart) Duke of Richmond and Lennox. Mary Clarke and the daughters of Joan Brooke attempted to recover their reversionary interest in the manor, proving in the Court of Wards a later settlement by which Henry Prannell had limited the title of his wife to a life interest.°° After the death of the Duchess of Richmond in 1639 1 Lord Maltravers, who had married Elizabeth sister of Ludovic Duke of Rich- mond and was son of Thomas (Howard) Earl of Arundel and Surrey, entered upon Newsells ‘by some gift of the Duchess.’1 His son Thomas Earl of Arundel, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, was in possession on 13 September 1652. Apparently in 1653 the manor was in the possession of Robert Slingsby,’ son of Sir Guildford Slingsby, kt. In March 1660-1 he was created a baronet and became comptroller of the navy.+ He is said to have married a daughter of Robert Brooke® and to have pur- chased the rights vested in the heir of Mary Clarke. He was a Royalist, and in compound- ing for his estates in 1652 had stated that the Earl of Arundel detained from him two manors in Barkway.’ His second wife Elizabeth Rad- clyffe survived him,’ and is said to have sold the

Ermine a

CHESTER. chief sable with a griffon

passant argent therein.

BARKWAY

eldest son of Sir Edward Chester, the lord of Nut- hampstead.?

Newsells Park and demesne lands were purchased late in the 17th century by William Newland, who transferred them to his son Thomas.!0 They were subsequently purchased by Rear-Admiral Sir John Jennings, who served under Rooke at Gibraltar and was for many years Admiral of the White.!? His son George Jennings reunited Newsells Park with the manorial rights by acquiring the latter from Edward Chester, grandson of the former pur- chaser.13 George Jennings was succeeded by his daughter Hester Elizabeth wife of John (Peachey), second Lord Selsey.4 She died 19 April 1837, and

O Ol psa (\

Jenninos. Argent a fesse gules between three plummets sable.

Azure a

Pracury. lion ermine with a forked tail and a quarter argent with a pierced molet gules therein,

her only surviving son, Henry John third Lord Selsey, died childless in the year following. The estate was inherited by his sister the Hon. Caroline Mary wife of the Rev. Leveson Vernon-Harcourt. She also died without issue in 1871 and the pro- perty passed under the terms of Lady Selsey’s will to Hugh Rose Lord Strathnairn, the eldest surviving son of Dame Frances Rose, legatee of the contingent remainder. In 1859 his sister Frances Dowager Countess of Morton, to whom the reversion after the death of Lord Strathnairn and his brothers (they having no issue) belonged, broke the entail and after- wards by her will left the Newsells estate in trust for sale, an option to purchase being reserved to her second son George Henry Douglas. This he exer- cised in 1886, the year after the death of Field-Marshal Lord Strathnairn.4® In 1897 the manors were bought from him by Mr. Alexander Crossman of Orgreave Hall, Lichfield, who afterwards sold the estate of

manorial rights of Newsells to Edward Chester,

% Ct. of Wards D. box 144, no. 1, 2

91 G.E.C. loc. cit.

*2Ct. of Wards Misc. Bks. dixxviii, fol. 378; cf. Feet of F. Div. Co. East. 2 Edw. VI.

93 Camden, Elizabeth (ed. 1717), 94.

4 Feet of F. Herts, East. 21 Eliz. ; Pat. 21 Eliz. pt. v. A settlement had been made upon the earl’s marriage with Anne daughter of Lord Burghley (Recov. R. Hil. 14 Eliz. rot. 704).

"% Pat, 32 Eliz. pt. xxi, m. 27.

% Chan, Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxliii, 168; cf, Recov. R. East. 24 Eliz. rot. 46; Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), bdle. 398, no. 148.

7 Ct. of Req. bdle. 33, no. 71.

98 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), cccxliii, 168.

99 Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), bdle. 398, no. 148; cf. Feet of F. Herts, Trin. 17 Jas. I.

100 Dict, Nat. Biog.

1 Chan. Proc. (Ser. 2), no. 148.

2 Cal. Com. for Comp. 1890.

8 Ct. Bk. in possession of Messrs. Crossman and Prichard.

4 Pat. 13 Chas. II, pt. iii, no. 7.

5 Foster, Yorks. Pedigrees. She is styled ‘Elizabeth.’ Two of the daughters of Robert and Joan Brooke were Frances and Katherine (Chan. Proc, [Ser. 2], bdle. 398, no. 148).

6 Chauncy, Hist. Antsq. of Herts. 102. In 1682 the Duke of Norfolk made settlement of the manor (Com. Pleas D. Enr. Trin. 34 Chas. I, m. 2), but there is no further evidence of any claim put forward by the heirs of Lord Maltravers.

7 Cal. Com. for Comp. 1890.

8 G.E.C. Baronetage, iii, 177.

zy

ddle. 398,

Newsells, Nuthampstead, Berwick,

Hedleys and

® Chauncy, loc. cit.

10 Thid.

1 Clutterbuck, Hist. and Antig. of Herts. iii, 3653; cf. Exch. Dep. Mich. 25 Geo. II, no, 3.

1 Dict. Nat. Bog.

13 Clutterbuck, op. cit. iii, 363; cf. Recov. R. Trin. 7 Geo. II, rot. 2393 13 Geo. II, rot. 115.

4 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vii, 109 ; cf. Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 29 Geo. III. In 1786 a quitclaim of a moiety of the manor was made by Richard Vachell and his wife Margaret to William Chamber- layne with warranty against Margaret’s heirs (ibid. Trin. 26 Geo, III). It has not been ascertained what their interest in the manor was.

18 Abstract of title communicated by Messrs. Crossman and Prichard.

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

Water Andrews and the Rectory Manor to Mr. F. W. Woodhouse, but who still holds the manorial rights. 16

In 1287 Robert Burnell claimed gallows, amend- ment of assize of bread and ale and view of frank- pledge at Newsells.!’ Free warren in Barkway was granted to Robert first Lord Scales in 1270,)° and in 1299 he complained that Walter de Barley and certain others, chiefly from the neighbourhood of Barley, had broken his warren at Newsells and hunted and carried away his deer.!9 It is not clear whether the warren made by the first Lord Scales was Newsells Park or the wood called Scales Park which lies at some distance from Newsells on the borders of Langley, co. Essex.°? Scales Park or Wood was alienated from the manor of Newsells by John sixteenth Earl of Oxford. He sold it early in 1348 to Robert Chester,?! who had already acquired Nuthampstead and Cockenach. The earl reserved to himself an annual rent of £10.”

A small holding in Barkway was in 1086 in the hands of two men who held of Harduin ‘de Scalers.’ Two sokemen, the one of Earl Algar, the other of Eldred, had held this land before the Conque:t.?4 Possibly these were the same sokemen who had held a part of Newsells.-!

NUTHAMPSTEAD BURY or EARLSBURY (Nothamstede, xii-xiv cent.; Northamstede, xili—xiv cent. ; Northampstede, xiv-xv cent. ; Nothampsted, xv cent.; Northamsted afas Erlesbury,?> xvi-xvii cent. ; Nuthampstead Bury a/as Earlsbury a/ias Nusted or Nutsted, xviii cent.) lies to the east of Barkway village. It is identical with the 3 hides in Barkway held of Geoffrey de Mandeville as a ‘manor’ by a certain Hugh in 1086. It had previously been held by two men of Asgar the Staller.6 The tenant in the fifth decade of the 12th century was a certain Ralph Nuers (‘de Noeriis’), whose son Roger built a chapel ‘in his court’ at Nuthampstead between r1q4t and 1151.77 At this time Ralph was still living,?® and he apparently survived his son, as in a grant of pasture-land to the abbey of St. John, Colchester, he makes mention of his daughters as his heirs.2® Ralph had also given to the abbey a carucate of land in the east of the parish abutting on Clavering Park.2° Ernulph son of Geoffrey first Earl of Essex deprived the abbey of this land, which was restored by order of his brother the second earl.3!_ Nuthamp- stead had probably reverted to the overlords before this time. It was certainly held by Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex, son of Maud sister and heir of William de Mandeville Earl of

Essex. He gave it with other lands to his younger son Henry.32 Humphrey Earl of Hereford and

Bonun. dzure a bend argent cotised or between sex lions or.

MAnDEVILLE. Quar- terly or and gules,

Essex, grandson of the last-named earl, warranted the manor for life to his uncle Henry in 1278.58 In 1315 his grand-nephew Humphrey Earl of Hereford and Essex gave the manor to Henry the Chamberlain as a pledge for the surrender of his manor of Denny, co. Cambs. Nuthampstead was evidently recovered by Earl Humphrey, who was killed at Boroughbridge in 1322,°° or by his son John, who succeeded his father. He let the manor in 1335 for nine years to the Abbot and convent of Walden, co. Essex,3® who were lords of Cockenach Manor (q.v.).

Upon Earl John’s death in January 1335-6 his right in Nuthampstead Manor descended to _ his brother Humphrey.3? He obtained from the Prioress of Campsey release of a rent of 100s. yearly,?8 which had been charged on the manor since the time of Earl Humphrey, his great-great-grandfather.2® He died 15 October 1361, and was succeeded by his nephew Humphrey,‘? who died 16 January 1372-3, leaving as heirs two daughters, Eleanor, aged fourteen, who was already married to the king’s uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, and Mary,‘*! who afterwards married Henry Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, but died in 1394 before his accession to the throne as Henry IV.4? Earl Humphrey’s widow held one- third of Nuthampstead in dower.42 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, held one-third in right of his wife and the other third from 1396 onwards by grant of Henry then Earl of Derby, who became Duke of Hereford in right of his wife.46 The Duke of Gloucester died in Septeniber 1397,!° and his widow retained her third until her death in 1400.47 In 1407, after Henry’s accession to the throne, he agreed with Anne formerly wife of Edmund Earl of

16 Inform. from Messrs. Crossman and Prichard.

W Assize R. 323, m. 45, 325.

18 Cal, Chart, R. 1257-1300, p. 146.

19 Cal. Pat. 1292-1301, p. 462.

20 There was woodland for 100 swine at Newsells in 1086 (V.C.H. Herts. i, 3296).

41 Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 1 Edw. VI; Pat. 1 Edw. VI, pt. v, m. 21,

73 Feet of F. Herts. Hil. 24 Eliz.

33 VCH. Herts. i, 3395.

% Thid. 3294.

35 The name ‘Erlesbury’ was applied to the manor-house in 1422 (Duchy of Lanc. Mins, Accts, bdle. 42, no, 820).

% V.C.H. Herts. i, 331.

% Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria (Roxburghe Club), 382; cf. Red Bh. of Exch, (Rolls Ser.) 345

% Cart, Mon, S. Johannis de Colecestria, loc. cit.

™ Ibid. 174. The charter was con- firmed by Fulk Nuers and Rodbert le Muine husband of Clarice (possibly one of Ralph's daughters). Another daughter may have been Margaret wife of Roger Bernard (ibid. 175).

89 Thid. 41. 31 Ibid. 176.

* Assize R. 323, m. 1d.3 Hund, R. (Rec. Com.), i, 193.

3 Assize R. 323, m.1d.; Feet of F. Div. Co. 7 Edw. I, no. 1.

4 Cal. Pat, 1313-1 - 283-4; Duchy of Lanc. a D. hor: ae 55 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, iv, 215. ®6 Duchy of Lanc. Anct. D. L 1759.

& Chan. Ing. p.m. 10 Edw. III (1st nos.), no. 62; Escheators’ Enr. Accts, (Exch. L.T.R.), 9 Edw. III, no. 2.

30

3 Duchy of Lanc. Deeds in Boxes, box A, no. 57. It was possibly this Earl Humphrey who exchanged Nuthampstead for life with Humphrey de Verdun in return for Depden Manor, co. Suffolk (Duchy of Lanc. Anct. D. L 1471).

39 Assize R. 323, m. 1d.

# Chan. Ing. p.m. 37 Edw. III, no, 10.

‘lIbid. 3 Ric. I], no. 12. Their father had granted a life interest in the manor to Sir John de Gildesburgh, kt.

*? G.E.C. Complete Peerage, iv, 215.

aoe of Lanc. Misc. Bks. xvi (3), p- 78.

= Chan. Ing. p.m. 21 Ric. II, no. 29

“© Cal. Pat. 1396-9, p. 13 3 Close, 21 Ric. I, pt. ii, m. 7; cf. Duchy of Lane. sari — LS 170,

‘6 Chan. Ing. p.m. 21 Ric. II, no. 29.

4 Ibid. 1 Hen IV, no. 49. : :

EDWINSTREE HUNDRED

Stafford, and then of William Bourchier, the only sur- viving daughter and co-heir of Thomas of Woodstock by his wife Eleanor, that one-third of the manor should be retained in dower by the Dowager Countess of Hereford, one-third by William Bourchier, and one- third by the king in right of his former wife.48 This arrangement was altered in 1421, when partition of the Bohun inheritance was made between the Countess of Stafford and Henry V, as son and heir of Henry IV by Mary Bohun. The whole manor of Nuthampstead was then included in the king’s share of the estate,*® and in November 1422 Nuthampstead was assigned to Queen Katherine, widow of Henry V, as part of her dower.5° It formed in succession part of the jointure of Margaret, queen of Henry VI,®! and

Karaerine of France. Azure three fleurs de lis

Marearet of Anjou. OLD FRANCE with a or. border gules.

EvizapeTHWYvviLte, Argent a fesse and a quarter gules.

Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV.5? The latter was deprived of her dower by Richard III.*%

In the May following his accession Henry VII let the manor to John Grey for seven years.*4 The king’s tenants disputed the power of the Prior of Royston to inclose certain ground over which they had common rights in 1503.55 In 1545 Robert Chester and his wife Katherine, who had already purchased Royston Priory Manor with Cockenach in Barkway,°® acquired from the Crown the manor of

48 Duchy of Lanc. Misc. Bks. xvi (3), p- 78; cf. Chan. Ing. p.m. 4 Hen. IV, no. 41. 49 Parl. R. iv, 1362.

°° Duchy of Lanc. Misc. Bks. xviii (2), 49. 51 Parl, R. v, 118.

52 Feet of F. Div. Co. Edw. IV, file

- hampstead (q.v.). 76, no. 102.

37 Edw. WI, no. 10. The statement, made in 1380, that the manor was held of the Earl of Oxford was probably an error (ibid. 3 Ric. II, no. 12). The earl was overlord of Cockenach in Nut-

6 Cart, Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria

BARKWAY

Nuthampstead.*” The latter descended in the Chester family to Edward Chester (see Royston), son of Sir Robert Chester who died in 1640.5 His son Edward bought Newsells Manor. Nuthampstead passed with Newsells from the Chesters to the Jennings and has since descended with Newsells (q.v.).

The manor was always accounted a part of the honour of Mandeville and parcel of the earldom of Essex.5® A capital messuage existed between 1141 and 1151, when Roger son of Ralph Nuers set up a private chapel there. A house existed, probably on the same site, in January 1335-6.% The old hall at Earlsbury was pulled down and a new hall built largely of timber grown within the manor in 1422.5 The lords of Nuthampstead (sometimes styled Nuthamp- stead Barkway) ® held view of frankpledge in Barkway, but in 1347 the common fine was paid to the lord of Nuthampstead, while the lord of Rokey received the amercements.®4

The manor of BERWICK in Nuthampstead (Bere- wyk, Berewyke by Barkway, xiv—xvi cent. ; Barwike, xvi-xviii cent.) was held of Great Hormead,® of which its name denotes it an outlying member. Hence it may be the hide and a half of land in Barkway held of Edgar Atheling by Goduin in 1086,®* since Goduin also held of Edgar the manor of Great Hormead.*” The holding of John de Sanford, lord of Hormead, early in the 13th century included Nuthampstead, held with Hormead (q.v.) by serjeanty of the Queen’s Chamber." About 1240 the abbey of Colchester made an agreement with the priory of Blackmore as tothe tithe from the demesne lands of Sir Gilbert de Sanford, kt., in Nuthampstead.® Alice daughter of Gilbert de Sanford married Robert de Vere fifth Earl of Oxford.”? Upon the marriage of their daughter Joan with William son of John de Warenne Earl of Surrey they settled the ‘manor of Nuthampstead’ on William and Joan and the heirs of Joan, saving to themselves a life interest if William and Joan should predecease them.”1 William de Warenne was slain in a tournament at Croydon 15 December 1285 ; his widew died in 1293.7? The manor then reverted to the Earl of Oxford and his wife for life, in accordance with the terms of the settle- ment.”3 His wife survived him and died 7 Septem- ber 1317.’4 The manor evidently reverted to John Earl of Surrey, the only son and heir of William and Joan de Warenne. His heir was Richard Fitz Alan Earl of Arundel, son of his sister Alice.”®> The Earl of Arundel granted ‘the manor of Berwick’ for life to Peter Shank.76 In 1376 the earl’s son Richard Ear] of Arundel, one of the Lords Appellant, alienated

66 Y.C.H. Herts. i, 34.14.

§7 See under Great Hormead.

88 Red Bk. of Exch. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 507.

69 Cart. Mon. S. Johannis de Colecestria (Roxburghe Club), 569.

70 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vi, 164.

Feet of F. Div. Co. 13 Edw. I,

53 Stat. 1 Ric. III, cap. 15.

54 Duchy of Lanc. Misc. Bks. xxi, p- 170.

55 Duchy of Lanc. Entry Bk. of Orders and Decrees, iii, fol. 227.

56 See V.C.H. Herts. iii, 260.

57 Duchy of Lanc. Misc. Bks. xxii, 217. 58 Chan. Ing. p.m. (Ser. 2), clxx, §1 5 elxxxvi, 8 5 ccccxciv, 65.

59 Ibid. 10 Edw. III (18t nos.), no. 62 5

(Roxburghe Club), 382.

6! Chan. Ing. p.m. 10 Edw. III (rst nos.), no, 62.

6 Duchy of Lanc. Mins. Accts. bdle. 42, no. 820,

6 Duchy of Lanc. Ct. R. bdle. 77, no. 999. Possibly this was to distinguish it from Berwick in Nuthampstead.

64 Ibid. bdle. 64, no. 805..

6 Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), xxviii, 69 ; xxxviii, 25.

31

no. 19.

72 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vii, 328.

3 Cal. Close, 1288-96, p. 336.

74 G.E.C. Complete Peerage, vi, 164.

75 Ibid. vii, 329.

76 Cal, Pat. 1396-9, p. 578. Appa- rently the manor of Berwick held by Henry Duke of Lancaster (see Chauncy, op. cit. ror) lay in Wiltshire (Chan. Ing. pm. 35 Edw. III [1st nos.], no. 122).

A HISTORY OF HERTFORDSHIRE

his life interest in the manor to John Chamberlain, who transferred his rights to John Boston of Boston.

LY

Warenne. Checky or

and azure.

Firzaran. Gules a lion argent.

Boston’s title was extended by the Crown to a life interest § May 1398, shortly after the forfeiture of the earl’s estates.””7 These were restored in October 1400 to Thomas son of the late earl,’* and he gave Berwick to his messenger (uncius) John Rygoll for life.” The latter was still living in July 1416.°° The earl had died 13 October 1415, leaving as heirs three sisters.

About the year 1439 Berwick was in the possession of Sir John Fray, chief baron of the Exchequer, who acquired a considerable estate in the county by purchase and probably bought this manor also."! It was afterwards held by Anne wife of Richard Southwell, who in 1475 joined with her husband in a conveyance to Henry and Robert Colet and others and to the heirs of Henry,*? who was afterwards Lord Mayor of London. Sir Henry’s son and heir John Colet, the famous Dean of St. Paul’s,®* gave the manor in trust to 70” the Mercers’ Company for his chantry of Our Lady Patroness of Boys near his school in St. Paul’s Churchyard.**| The manor was evidently acquired by William Gery of Barkway and Bushmead after the suppression of Colet’s chantry. Gery conveyed it in 1552 to William Plattfote of Beccles,*> who evidently alienated to William Hilling- ton, since in 1553 the latter sold to Thomas Hanchett of Albury, a rent of £8 being reserved to the school.8&

Hanchett sold in 1555 to George Hadley and his

Corer. Sable a cheve- ron between three hinds tripping argent with three rings argenton the cheve-

Hadley transferred his rights to Wimond Cary, who sold in 1595 to Henry Prannell, gentleman. The manor has since descended with Newsells. Cockenach (Cochenac, xi cent. ; Cochenach, xii cent. ; Cokenhache, xiii cent.; Cockenach, xiv— xvi cent.; Cockenhach or Cockenhatch, xvi—xviii cent.) is an extensive district lying partly between Newsells and Nuthampstead, partly to the east of Nuthampstead on the Essex border. In 1086 Ansfrid held of Geoffrey de Bech 1 hide 12 acres in Cockenach, and the same Ansfrid held of Geoffrey zo acres in the neighbouring parish of Barley.®° Algar, one of Wigar’s men, had held the land at Cockenach before the Conquest.°! A part of this land was apparently LITTLE COCKENACH OR COCKENACH IN NUTHAMPSTEAD.” The ‘manor of Cockenach’ subsequently came into the possession of Ralph the Butler (‘ Pincerna’), together with other lands which had